FlexLove/modules/Element.lua

local modulePath = (...):match("(.-)[^%.]+$")
local function req(name)
  return require(modulePath .. name)
end

-- Module dependencies
local Context = req("Context")
local Theme = req("Theme")
local Color = req("Color")
local Units = req("Units")
local Blur = req("Blur")
local ImageRenderer = req("ImageRenderer")
local NinePatch = req("NinePatch")
local RoundedRect = req("RoundedRect")
local ImageCache = req("ImageCache")
local utils = req("utils")
local Grid = req("Grid")
local InputEvent = req("InputEvent")
local StateManager = req("StateManager")
local TextEditor = req("TextEditor")
local LayoutEngine = req("LayoutEngine")
local Renderer = req("Renderer")
local EventHandler = req("EventHandler")
local ScrollManager = req("ScrollManager")
local ErrorHandler = req("ErrorHandler")

-- Extract utilities
local enums = utils.enums
local FONT_CACHE = utils.FONT_CACHE
local resolveTextSizePreset = utils.resolveTextSizePreset
local getModifiers = utils.getModifiers

-- Extract enum values
local Positioning, FlexDirection, JustifyContent, AlignContent, AlignItems, TextAlign, AlignSelf, JustifySelf, FlexWrap =
  enums.Positioning,
  enums.FlexDirection,
  enums.JustifyContent,
  enums.AlignContent,
  enums.AlignItems,
  enums.TextAlign,
  enums.AlignSelf,
  enums.JustifySelf,
  enums.FlexWrap

---@class Element
---@field id string
---@field autosizing {width:boolean, height:boolean} -- Whether the element should automatically size to fit its children
---@field x number|string -- X coordinate of the element
---@field y number|string -- Y coordinate of the element
---@field z number -- Z-index for layering (default: 0)
---@field width number|string -- Width of the element
---@field height number|string -- Height of the element
---@field top number? -- Offset from top edge (CSS-style positioning)
---@field right number? -- Offset from right edge (CSS-style positioning)
---@field bottom number? -- Offset from bottom edge (CSS-style positioning)
---@field left number? -- Offset from left edge (CSS-style positioning)
---@field children table<integer, Element> -- Children of this element
---@field parent Element? -- Parent element (nil if top-level)
---@field border Border -- Border configuration for the element
---@field opacity number
---@field borderColor Color -- Color of the border
---@field backgroundColor Color -- Background color of the element
---@field cornerRadius number|{topLeft:number?, topRight:number?, bottomLeft:number?, bottomRight:number?}? -- Corner radius for rounded corners (default: 0)
---@field prevGameSize {width:number, height:number} -- Previous game size for resize calculations
---@field text string? -- Text content to display in the element
---@field textColor Color -- Color of the text content
---@field textAlign TextAlign -- Alignment of the text content
---@field gap number|string -- Space between children elements (default: 10)
---@field padding {top?:number, right?:number, bottom?:number, left?:number}? -- Padding around children (default: {top=0, right=0, bottom=0, left=0})
---@field margin {top?:number, right?:number, bottom?:number, left?:number} -- Margin around children (default: {top=0, right=0, bottom=0, left=0})
---@field positioning Positioning -- Layout positioning mode (default: RELATIVE)
---@field flexDirection FlexDirection -- Direction of flex layout (default: HORIZONTAL)
---@field justifyContent JustifyContent -- Alignment of items along main axis (default: FLEX_START)
---@field alignItems AlignItems -- Alignment of items along cross axis (default: STRETCH)
---@field alignContent AlignContent -- Alignment of lines in multi-line flex containers (default: STRETCH)
---@field flexWrap FlexWrap -- Whether children wrap to multiple lines (default: NOWRAP)
---@field justifySelf JustifySelf -- Alignment of the item itself along main axis (default: AUTO)
---@field alignSelf AlignSelf -- Alignment of the item itself along cross axis (default: AUTO)
---@field textSize number? -- Resolved font size for text content in pixels
---@field minTextSize number?
---@field maxTextSize number?
---@field fontFamily string? -- Font family name from theme or path to font file
---@field autoScaleText boolean -- Whether text should auto-scale with window size (default: true)
---@field transform TransformProps -- Transform properties for animations and styling
---@field transition TransitionProps -- Transition settings for animations
---@field onEvent fun(element:Element, event:InputEvent)? -- Callback function for interaction events
---@field onFocus fun(element:Element)? -- Callback function when element receives focus
---@field onBlur fun(element:Element)? -- Callback function when element loses focus
---@field onTextInput fun(element:Element, text:string)? -- Callback function for text input
---@field onTextChange fun(element:Element, text:string)? -- Callback function when text changes
---@field onEnter fun(element:Element)? -- Callback function when Enter key is pressed
---@field units table -- Original unit specifications for responsive behavior
---@field _eventHandler EventHandler -- Event handler instance for input processing
---@field _explicitlyAbsolute boolean?
---@field _originalPositioning Positioning? -- Original positioning value set by user
---@field gridRows number? -- Number of rows in the grid
---@field gridColumns number? -- Number of columns in the grid
---@field columnGap number|string? -- Gap between grid columns
---@field rowGap number|string? -- Gap between grid rows
---@field theme string? -- Theme component to use for rendering
---@field themeComponent string?
---@field _themeState string? -- Current theme state (normal, hover, pressed, active, disabled)
---@field _themeManager ThemeManager -- Internal: theme manager instance
---@field _stateId string? -- State manager ID for this element
---@field disabled boolean? -- Whether the element is disabled (default: false)
---@field active boolean? -- Whether the element is active/focused (for inputs, default: false)
---@field disableHighlight boolean? -- Whether to disable the pressed state highlight overlay (default: false)
---@field contentAutoSizingMultiplier {width:number?, height:number?}? -- Multiplier for auto-sized content dimensions
---@field scaleCorners number? -- Scale multiplier for 9-patch corners/edges. E.g., 2 = 2x size (overrides theme setting)
---@field scalingAlgorithm "nearest"|"bilinear"? -- Scaling algorithm for 9-patch corners: "nearest" (sharp/pixelated) or "bilinear" (smooth) (overrides theme setting)
---@field contentBlur {intensity:number, quality:number}? -- Blur the element's content including children (intensity: 0-100, quality: 1-10)
---@field backdropBlur {intensity:number, quality:number}? -- Blur content behind the element (intensity: 0-100, quality: 1-10)
---@field _blurInstance table? -- Internal: cached blur effect instance
---@field editable boolean -- Whether the element is editable (default: false)
---@field multiline boolean -- Whether the element supports multiple lines (default: false)
---@field textWrap boolean|"word"|"char" -- Text wrapping mode (default: false for single-line, "word" for multi-line)
---@field maxLines number? -- Maximum number of lines (default: nil)
---@field maxLength number? -- Maximum text length in characters (default: nil)
---@field placeholder string? -- Placeholder text when empty (default: nil)
---@field passwordMode boolean -- Whether to display text as password (default: false)
---@field inputType "text"|"number"|"email"|"url" -- Input type for validation (default: "text")
---@field textOverflow "clip"|"ellipsis"|"scroll" -- Text overflow behavior (default: "clip")
---@field scrollable boolean -- Whether text is scrollable (default: false for single-line, true for multi-line)
---@field autoGrow boolean -- Whether element auto-grows with text (default: false)
---@field selectOnFocus boolean -- Whether to select all text on focus (default: false)
---@field cursorColor Color? -- Cursor color (default: nil, uses textColor)
---@field selectionColor Color? -- Selection background color (default: nil, uses theme or default)
---@field cursorBlinkRate number -- Cursor blink rate in seconds (default: 0.5)
---@field _cursorPosition number? -- Internal: cursor character position (0-based)
---@field _cursorLine number? -- Internal: cursor line number (1-based)
---@field _cursorColumn number? -- Internal: cursor column within line
---@field _cursorBlinkTimer number? -- Internal: cursor blink timer
---@field _cursorVisible boolean? -- Internal: cursor visibility state
---@field _cursorBlinkPaused boolean? -- Internal: whether cursor blink is paused (e.g., while typing)
---@field _cursorBlinkPauseTimer number? -- Internal: timer for how long cursor blink has been paused
---@field _selectionStart number? -- Internal: selection start position
---@field _selectionEnd number? -- Internal: selection end position
---@field _selectionAnchor number? -- Internal: selection anchor point
---@field _focused boolean? -- Internal: focus state
---@field _textBuffer string? -- Internal: text buffer for editable elements
---@field _lines table? -- Internal: split lines for multi-line text
---@field _wrappedLines table? -- Internal: wrapped line data
---@field _textDirty boolean? -- Internal: flag to recalculate lines/wrapping
---@field _textEditor TextEditor? -- Internal: TextEditor instance for editable elements
---@field imagePath string? -- Path to image file (auto-loads via ImageCache)
---@field image love.Image? -- Image object to display
---@field objectFit "fill"|"contain"|"cover"|"scale-down"|"none"? -- Image fit mode (default: "fill")
---@field objectPosition string? -- Image position like "center center", "top left", "50% 50%" (default: "center center")
---@field imageOpacity number? -- Image opacity 0-1 (default: 1, combines with element opacity)
---@field _loadedImage love.Image? -- Internal: cached loaded image
---@field hideScrollbars boolean|{vertical:boolean, horizontal:boolean}? -- Hide scrollbars (boolean for both, or table for individual control)
---@field userdata table?
---@field _renderer Renderer -- Internal: Renderer instance for visual rendering
---@field _layoutEngine LayoutEngine -- Internal: LayoutEngine instance for layout calculations
---@field _scrollManager ScrollManager? -- Internal: ScrollManager instance for scroll handling
---@field _borderBoxWidth number? -- Internal: cached border-box width
---@field _borderBoxHeight number? -- Internal: cached border-box height
---@field overflow string? -- Overflow behavior for both axes
---@field overflowX string? -- Overflow behavior for horizontal axis
---@field overflowY string? -- Overflow behavior for vertical axis
---@field scrollbarWidth number? -- Scrollbar width in pixels
---@field scrollbarColor Color? -- Scrollbar thumb color
---@field scrollbarTrackColor Color? -- Scrollbar track color
---@field scrollbarRadius number? -- Scrollbar corner radius
---@field scrollbarPadding number? -- Scrollbar padding from edges
---@field scrollSpeed number? -- Scroll speed multiplier
---@field _overflowX boolean? -- Internal: whether content overflows horizontally
---@field _overflowY boolean? -- Internal: whether content overflows vertically
---@field _contentWidth number? -- Internal: total content width
---@field _contentHeight number? -- Internal: total content height
---@field _scrollX number? -- Internal: horizontal scroll position
---@field _scrollY number? -- Internal: vertical scroll position
---@field _maxScrollX number? -- Internal: maximum horizontal scroll
---@field _maxScrollY number? -- Internal: maximum vertical scroll
---@field _scrollbarHoveredVertical boolean? -- Internal: vertical scrollbar hover state
---@field _scrollbarHoveredHorizontal boolean? -- Internal: horizontal scrollbar hover state
---@field _scrollbarDragging boolean? -- Internal: scrollbar dragging state
---@field _hoveredScrollbar table? -- Internal: currently hovered scrollbar info
---@field _scrollbarDragOffset number? -- Internal: scrollbar drag offset
---@field _scrollbarPressHandled boolean? -- Internal: scrollbar press handled flag
---@field _pressed table? -- Internal: button press state tracking
---@field _mouseDownPosition number? -- Internal: mouse down position for drag tracking
---@field _textDragOccurred boolean? -- Internal: whether text drag occurred
---@field animation table? -- Animation instance for this element
local Element = {}
Element.__index = Element

-- Validation helper functions
local function validateEnum(value, enumTable, propName, moduleName)
  if value == nil then
    return true
  end

  for _, validValue in pairs(enumTable) do
    if value == validValue then
      return true
    end
  end

  -- Build list of valid options
  local validOptions = {}
  for _, v in pairs(enumTable) do
    table.insert(validOptions, "'" .. v .. "'")
  end
  table.sort(validOptions)

  ErrorHandler.error(moduleName or "Element", string.format("%s must be one of: %s. Got: '%s'", propName, table.concat(validOptions, ", "), tostring(value)))
end

local function validateRange(value, min, max, propName, moduleName)
  if value == nil then
    return true
  end
  if type(value) ~= "number" then
    ErrorHandler.error(moduleName or "Element", string.format("%s must be a number, got %s", propName, type(value)))
  end
  if value < min or value > max then
    ErrorHandler.error(moduleName or "Element", string.format("%s must be between %s and %s, got %s", propName, tostring(min), tostring(max), tostring(value)))
  end
  return true
end

local function validateType(value, expectedType, propName, moduleName)
  if value == nil then
    return true
  end
  local actualType = type(value)
  if actualType ~= expectedType then
    ErrorHandler.error(moduleName or "Element", string.format("%s must be %s, got %s", propName, expectedType, actualType))
  end
  return true
end

---@param props ElementProps
---@return Element
function Element.new(props)
  local self = setmetatable({}, Element)
  self.children = {}
  self.onEvent = props.onEvent

  -- Auto-generate ID in immediate mode if not provided
  if Context._immediateMode and (not props.id or props.id == "") then
    self.id = StateManager.generateID(props, props.parent)
  else
    self.id = props.id or ""
  end

  self.userdata = props.userdata

  self.onFocus = props.onFocus
  self.onBlur = props.onBlur
  self.onTextInput = props.onTextInput
  self.onTextChange = props.onTextChange
  self.onEnter = props.onEnter

  self._eventHandler = EventHandler.new({
    onEvent = self.onEvent,
  }, {
    InputEvent = InputEvent,
    Context = Context,
  })
  self._eventHandler:initialize(self)

  -- Initialize state manager ID for immediate mode (use self.id which may be auto-generated)
  self._stateId = self.id

  self._themeManager = Theme.Manager.new({
    theme = props.theme or Context.defaultTheme,
    themeComponent = props.themeComponent or nil,
    disabled = props.disabled or false,
    active = props.active or false,
    disableHighlight = props.disableHighlight,
    scaleCorners = props.scaleCorners,
    scalingAlgorithm = props.scalingAlgorithm,
  })
  self._themeManager:initialize(self)

  -- Expose theme properties for backward compatibility
  self.theme = self._themeManager.theme
  self.themeComponent = self._themeManager.themeComponent
  self.disabled = self._themeManager.disabled
  self.active = self._themeManager.active
  self._themeState = self._themeManager:getState()

  -- disableHighlight defaults to true when using themeComponent (themes handle their own visual feedback)
  -- Can be explicitly overridden by setting props.disableHighlight
  if props.disableHighlight ~= nil then
    self.disableHighlight = props.disableHighlight
  else
    self.disableHighlight = self.themeComponent ~= nil
  end

  -- Initialize contentAutoSizingMultiplier after theme is set
  -- Priority: element props > theme component > theme default
  if props.contentAutoSizingMultiplier then
    self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier = props.contentAutoSizingMultiplier
  else
    local multiplier = self._themeManager:getContentAutoSizingMultiplier()
    self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier = multiplier or { 1, 1 }
  end

  -- Expose 9-patch corner scaling properties for backward compatibility
  self.scaleCorners = self._themeManager.scaleCorners
  self.scalingAlgorithm = self._themeManager.scalingAlgorithm

  self.contentBlur = props.contentBlur
  self.backdropBlur = props.backdropBlur
  self._blurInstance = nil

  self.editable = props.editable or false
  self.multiline = props.multiline or false
  self.passwordMode = props.passwordMode or false

  -- Validate property combinations: passwordMode disables multiline
  if self.passwordMode and props.multiline then
    ErrorHandler.warn("Element", "passwordMode is enabled, multiline will be disabled")
    self.multiline = false
  elseif self.passwordMode then
    self.multiline = false
  end

  self.textWrap = props.textWrap
  if self.textWrap == nil then
    self.textWrap = self.multiline and "word" or false
  end

  self.maxLines = props.maxLines
  self.maxLength = props.maxLength
  self.placeholder = props.placeholder
  self.inputType = props.inputType or "text"

  self.textOverflow = props.textOverflow or "clip"
  self.scrollable = props.scrollable
  if self.scrollable == nil then
    self.scrollable = self.multiline
  end
  -- autoGrow defaults to true for multiline, false for single-line
  if props.autoGrow ~= nil then
    self.autoGrow = props.autoGrow
  else
    self.autoGrow = self.multiline
  end
  self.selectOnFocus = props.selectOnFocus or false

  self.cursorColor = props.cursorColor
  self.selectionColor = props.selectionColor
  self.cursorBlinkRate = props.cursorBlinkRate or 0.5

  if self.editable then
    self._textEditor = TextEditor.new({
      editable = self.editable,
      multiline = self.multiline,
      passwordMode = self.passwordMode,
      textWrap = self.textWrap,
      maxLines = self.maxLines,
      maxLength = self.maxLength,
      placeholder = self.placeholder,
      inputType = self.inputType,
      textOverflow = self.textOverflow,
      scrollable = self.scrollable,
      autoGrow = self.autoGrow,
      selectOnFocus = self.selectOnFocus,
      cursorColor = self.cursorColor,
      selectionColor = self.selectionColor,
      cursorBlinkRate = self.cursorBlinkRate,
      text = props.text or "",
      onFocus = props.onFocus,
      onBlur = props.onBlur,
      onTextInput = props.onTextInput,
      onTextChange = props.onTextChange,
      onEnter = props.onEnter,
    }, {
      Context = Context,
      StateManager = StateManager,
      Color = Color,
      utils = utils,
    })
    -- Initialize will be called after self is fully constructed
  end

  -- Set parent first so it's available for size calculations
  self.parent = props.parent

  ------ add non-hereditary ------
  --- self drawing---
  self.border = props.border
      and {
        top = props.border.top or false,
        right = props.border.right or false,
        bottom = props.border.bottom or false,
        left = props.border.left or false,
      }
    or {
      top = false,
      right = false,
      bottom = false,
      left = false,
    }
  self.borderColor = props.borderColor or Color.new(0, 0, 0, 1)
  self.backgroundColor = props.backgroundColor or Color.new(0, 0, 0, 0)

  -- Validate and set opacity
  if props.opacity ~= nil then
    validateRange(props.opacity, 0, 1, "opacity")
  end
  self.opacity = props.opacity or 1

  -- Handle cornerRadius (can be number or table)
  if props.cornerRadius then
    if type(props.cornerRadius) == "number" then
      self.cornerRadius = {
        topLeft = props.cornerRadius,
        topRight = props.cornerRadius,
        bottomLeft = props.cornerRadius,
        bottomRight = props.cornerRadius,
      }
    else
      self.cornerRadius = {
        topLeft = props.cornerRadius.topLeft or 0,
        topRight = props.cornerRadius.topRight or 0,
        bottomLeft = props.cornerRadius.bottomLeft or 0,
        bottomRight = props.cornerRadius.bottomRight or 0,
      }
    end
  else
    self.cornerRadius = {
      topLeft = 0,
      topRight = 0,
      bottomLeft = 0,
      bottomRight = 0,
    }
  end

  -- For editable elements, default text to empty string if not provided
  if self.editable and props.text == nil then
    self.text = ""
  else
    self.text = props.text
  end

  -- Sync self.text with restored _textBuffer for editable elements in immediate mode
  if self.editable and Context._immediateMode and self._textBuffer then
    self.text = self._textBuffer
  end

  -- Validate and set textAlign
  if props.textAlign then
    validateEnum(props.textAlign, TextAlign, "textAlign")
  end
  self.textAlign = props.textAlign or TextAlign.START

  -- Image properties
  self.imagePath = props.imagePath
  self.image = props.image

  -- Validate objectFit
  if props.objectFit then
    local validObjectFit = { fill = "fill", contain = "contain", cover = "cover", ["scale-down"] = "scale-down", none = "none" }
    validateEnum(props.objectFit, validObjectFit, "objectFit")
  end
  self.objectFit = props.objectFit or "fill"
  self.objectPosition = props.objectPosition or "center center"

  -- Validate and set imageOpacity
  if props.imageOpacity ~= nil then
    validateRange(props.imageOpacity, 0, 1, "imageOpacity")
  end
  self.imageOpacity = props.imageOpacity or 1

  -- Auto-load image if imagePath is provided
  if self.imagePath and not self.image then
    local loadedImage, err = ImageCache.load(self.imagePath)
    if loadedImage then
      self._loadedImage = loadedImage
    else
      -- Silently fail - image will just not render
      self._loadedImage = nil
    end
  elseif self.image then
    self._loadedImage = self.image
  else
    self._loadedImage = nil
  end

  -- Initialize Renderer module for visual rendering
  self._renderer = Renderer.new({
    backgroundColor = self.backgroundColor,
    borderColor = self.borderColor,
    opacity = self.opacity,
    border = self.border,
    cornerRadius = self.cornerRadius,
    theme = self.theme,
    themeComponent = self.themeComponent,
    scaleCorners = self.scaleCorners,
    scalingAlgorithm = self.scalingAlgorithm,
    imagePath = self.imagePath,
    image = self.image,
    _loadedImage = self._loadedImage,
    objectFit = self.objectFit,
    objectPosition = self.objectPosition,
    imageOpacity = self.imageOpacity,
    contentBlur = self.contentBlur,
    backdropBlur = self.backdropBlur,
  }, {
    Color = Color,
    RoundedRect = RoundedRect,
    NinePatch = NinePatch,
    ImageRenderer = ImageRenderer,
    ImageCache = ImageCache,
    Theme = Theme,
    Blur = Blur,
    utils = utils,
  })
  self._renderer:initialize(self)

  --- self positioning ---
  local viewportWidth, viewportHeight = Units.getViewport()

  ---- Sizing ----
  local gw, gh = love.window.getMode()
  self.prevGameSize = { width = gw, height = gh }
  self.autosizing = { width = false, height = false }

  -- Initialize LayoutEngine early with default values for auto-sizing calculations
  -- It will be re-configured later with actual layout properties
  self._layoutEngine = LayoutEngine.new({
    positioning = Positioning.RELATIVE,
    flexDirection = FlexDirection.HORIZONTAL,
    flexWrap = FlexWrap.NOWRAP,
    justifyContent = JustifyContent.FLEX_START,
    alignItems = AlignItems.STRETCH,
    alignContent = AlignContent.STRETCH,
    gap = 0,
    gridRows = 1,
    gridColumns = 1,
    columnGap = 0,
    rowGap = 0,
  }, {
    utils = utils,
    Grid = Grid,
    Units = Units,
    Context = Context,
  })
  self._layoutEngine:initialize(self)

  -- Store unit specifications for responsive behavior
  self.units = {
    width = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
    height = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
    x = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
    y = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
    textSize = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
    gap = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
    padding = {
      top = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      right = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      bottom = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      left = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      horizontal = { value = nil, unit = "px" }, -- Shorthand for left/right
      vertical = { value = nil, unit = "px" }, -- Shorthand for top/bottom
    },
    margin = {
      top = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      right = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      bottom = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      left = { value = nil, unit = "px" },
      horizontal = { value = nil, unit = "px" }, -- Shorthand for left/right
      vertical = { value = nil, unit = "px" }, -- Shorthand for top/bottom
    },
  }

  local scaleX, scaleY = Context.getScaleFactors()

  self.minTextSize = props.minTextSize
  self.maxTextSize = props.maxTextSize

  -- Set autoScaleText BEFORE textSize processing (needed for correct initialization)
  if props.autoScaleText == nil then
    self.autoScaleText = true
  else
    self.autoScaleText = props.autoScaleText
  end

  -- Handle fontFamily (can be font name from theme or direct path to font file)
  -- Priority: explicit props.fontFamily > parent fontFamily > theme default
  if props.fontFamily then
    -- Explicitly set fontFamily takes highest priority
    self.fontFamily = props.fontFamily
  elseif self.parent and self.parent.fontFamily then
    -- Inherit from parent if parent has fontFamily set
    self.fontFamily = self.parent.fontFamily
  elseif props.themeComponent then
    -- If using themeComponent, try to get default from theme via ThemeManager
    local defaultFont = self._themeManager:getDefaultFontFamily()
    self.fontFamily = defaultFont and "default" or nil
  else
    self.fontFamily = nil
  end

  -- Handle textSize BEFORE width/height calculation (needed for auto-sizing)
  if props.textSize then
    if type(props.textSize) == "string" then
      -- Check if it's a preset first
      local presetValue, presetUnit = resolveTextSizePreset(props.textSize)
      local value, unit

      if presetValue then
        -- It's a preset, use the preset value and unit
        value, unit = presetValue, presetUnit
        self.units.textSize = { value = value, unit = unit }
      else
        -- Not a preset, parse normally
        value, unit = Units.parse(props.textSize)
        self.units.textSize = { value = value, unit = unit }
      end

      -- Resolve textSize based on unit type
      if unit == "%" or unit == "vh" then
        -- Percentage and vh are relative to viewport height
        self.textSize = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportHeight)
      elseif unit == "vw" then
        -- vw is relative to viewport width
        self.textSize = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportWidth)
      elseif unit == "ew" then
        -- ew is relative to element width (use viewport width as fallback during initialization)
        -- Will be re-resolved after width is set
        self.textSize = (value / 100) * viewportWidth
      elseif unit == "eh" then
        -- eh is relative to element height (use viewport height as fallback during initialization)
        -- Will be re-resolved after height is set
        self.textSize = (value / 100) * viewportHeight
      elseif unit == "px" then
        -- Pixel units
        self.textSize = value
      else
        ErrorHandler.error("Element", "Unknown textSize unit: " .. unit)
      end
    else
      -- Validate pixel textSize value
      if props.textSize <= 0 then
        ErrorHandler.error("Element", "textSize must be greater than 0, got: " .. tostring(props.textSize))
      end

      -- Pixel textSize value
      if self.autoScaleText and Context.baseScale then
        -- With base scaling: store original pixel value and scale relative to base resolution
        self.units.textSize = { value = props.textSize, unit = "px" }
        self.textSize = props.textSize * scaleY
      elseif self.autoScaleText then
        -- Without base scaling: convert to viewport units for auto-scaling
        -- Calculate what percentage of viewport height this represents
        local vhValue = (props.textSize / viewportHeight) * 100
        self.units.textSize = { value = vhValue, unit = "vh" }
        self.textSize = props.textSize -- Initial size is the specified pixel value
      else
        -- No auto-scaling: apply base scaling if set, otherwise use raw value
        self.textSize = Context.baseScale and (props.textSize * scaleY) or props.textSize
        self.units.textSize = { value = props.textSize, unit = "px" }
      end
    end
  else
    -- No textSize specified - use auto-scaling default
    if self.autoScaleText and Context.baseScale then
      -- With base scaling: use 12px as default and scale
      self.units.textSize = { value = 12, unit = "px" }
      self.textSize = 12 * scaleY
    elseif self.autoScaleText then
      -- Without base scaling: default to 1.5vh (1.5% of viewport height)
      self.units.textSize = { value = 1.5, unit = "vh" }
      self.textSize = (1.5 / 100) * viewportHeight
    else
      -- No auto-scaling: use 12px with optional base scaling
      self.textSize = Context.baseScale and (12 * scaleY) or 12
      self.units.textSize = { value = nil, unit = "px" }
    end
  end

  -- Handle width (both w and width properties, prefer w if both exist)
  local widthProp = props.width
  local tempWidth = 0 -- Temporary width for padding resolution
  if widthProp then
    if type(widthProp) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(widthProp)
      self.units.width = { value = value, unit = unit }
      local parentWidth = self.parent and self.parent.width or viewportWidth
      tempWidth = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, parentWidth)
    else
      tempWidth = Context.baseScale and (widthProp * scaleX) or widthProp
      self.units.width = { value = widthProp, unit = "px" }
    end
    self.width = tempWidth
  else
    self.autosizing.width = true
    -- Special case: if textWrap is enabled and parent exists, constrain width to parent
    -- Text wrapping requires a width constraint, so use parent's content width
    if props.textWrap and self.parent and self.parent.width then
      tempWidth = self.parent.width
      self.width = tempWidth
      self.units.width = { value = 100, unit = "%" } -- Mark as parent-constrained
      self.autosizing.width = false -- Not truly autosizing, constrained by parent
    else
      tempWidth = self:calculateAutoWidth()
      self.width = tempWidth
      self.units.width = { value = nil, unit = "auto" } -- Mark as auto-sized
    end
  end

  -- Handle height (both h and height properties, prefer h if both exist)
  local heightProp = props.height
  local tempHeight = 0 -- Temporary height for padding resolution
  if heightProp then
    if type(heightProp) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(heightProp)
      self.units.height = { value = value, unit = unit }
      local parentHeight = self.parent and self.parent.height or viewportHeight
      tempHeight = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, parentHeight)
    else
      -- Apply base scaling to pixel values
      tempHeight = Context.baseScale and (heightProp * scaleY) or heightProp
      self.units.height = { value = heightProp, unit = "px" }
    end
    self.height = tempHeight
  else
    self.autosizing.height = true
    -- Calculate auto-height without padding first
    tempHeight = self:calculateAutoHeight()
    self.height = tempHeight
    self.units.height = { value = nil, unit = "auto" } -- Mark as auto-sized
  end

  --- child positioning ---
  if props.gap then
    if type(props.gap) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(props.gap)
      self.units.gap = { value = value, unit = unit }
      -- Gap percentages should be relative to the element's own size, not parent
      -- For horizontal flex, gap is based on width; for vertical flex, based on height
      local flexDir = props.flexDirection or FlexDirection.HORIZONTAL
      local containerSize = (flexDir == FlexDirection.HORIZONTAL) and self.width or self.height
      self.gap = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, containerSize)
    else
      self.gap = props.gap
      self.units.gap = { value = props.gap, unit = "px" }
    end
  else
    self.gap = 0
    self.units.gap = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
  end

  -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: For auto-sizing, we need to add padding to content dimensions
  -- For explicit sizing, width/height already include padding (border-box)

  -- Check if we should use 9-patch content padding for auto-sizing
  local use9PatchPadding = false
  local ninePatchContentPadding = nil
  if self._themeManager:hasThemeComponent() then
    local component = self._themeManager:getComponent()
    if component and component._ninePatchData and component._ninePatchData.contentPadding then
      -- Only use 9-patch padding if no explicit padding was provided
      if
        not props.padding
        or (
          not props.padding.top
          and not props.padding.right
          and not props.padding.bottom
          and not props.padding.left
          and not props.padding.horizontal
          and not props.padding.vertical
        )
      then
        use9PatchPadding = true
        ninePatchContentPadding = component._ninePatchData.contentPadding
      end
    end
  end

  -- First, resolve padding using temporary dimensions
  -- For auto-sized elements, this is content width; for explicit sizing, this is border-box width
  local tempPadding
  if use9PatchPadding then
    -- Get scaled 9-patch content padding from ThemeManager
    local scaledPadding = self._themeManager:getScaledContentPadding(tempWidth, tempHeight)
    if scaledPadding then
      tempPadding = scaledPadding
    else
      -- Fallback if scaling fails
      tempPadding = {
        left = ninePatchContentPadding.left,
        top = ninePatchContentPadding.top,
        right = ninePatchContentPadding.right,
        bottom = ninePatchContentPadding.bottom,
      }
    end
  else
    tempPadding = Units.resolveSpacing(props.padding, self.width, self.height)
  end

  -- Margin percentages are relative to parent's dimensions (CSS spec)
  local parentWidth = self.parent and self.parent.width or viewportWidth
  local parentHeight = self.parent and self.parent.height or viewportHeight
  self.margin = Units.resolveSpacing(props.margin, parentWidth, parentHeight)

  -- For auto-sized elements, add padding to get border-box dimensions
  if self.autosizing.width then
    self._borderBoxWidth = self.width + tempPadding.left + tempPadding.right
  else
    -- For explicit sizing, width is already border-box
    self._borderBoxWidth = self.width
  end

  if self.autosizing.height then
    self._borderBoxHeight = self.height + tempPadding.top + tempPadding.bottom
  else
    -- For explicit sizing, height is already border-box
    self._borderBoxHeight = self.height
  end

  -- Set final padding
  if use9PatchPadding then
    -- Use 9-patch content padding
    self.padding = {
      left = ninePatchContentPadding.left,
      top = ninePatchContentPadding.top,
      right = ninePatchContentPadding.right,
      bottom = ninePatchContentPadding.bottom,
    }
  else
    -- Re-resolve padding based on final border-box dimensions (important for percentage padding)
    self.padding = Units.resolveSpacing(props.padding, self._borderBoxWidth, self._borderBoxHeight)
  end

  -- Calculate final content dimensions by subtracting padding from border-box
  self.width = math.max(0, self._borderBoxWidth - self.padding.left - self.padding.right)
  self.height = math.max(0, self._borderBoxHeight - self.padding.top - self.padding.bottom)

  -- Re-resolve ew/eh textSize units now that width/height are set
  if props.textSize and type(props.textSize) == "string" then
    local value, unit = Units.parse(props.textSize)
    if unit == "ew" then
      -- Element width relative (now that width is set)
      self.textSize = (value / 100) * self.width
    elseif unit == "eh" then
      -- Element height relative (now that height is set)
      self.textSize = (value / 100) * self.height
    end
  end

  -- Apply min/max constraints (also scaled)
  local minSize = self.minTextSize and (Context.baseScale and (self.minTextSize * scaleY) or self.minTextSize)
  local maxSize = self.maxTextSize and (Context.baseScale and (self.maxTextSize * scaleY) or self.maxTextSize)

  if minSize and self.textSize < minSize then
    self.textSize = minSize
  end
  if maxSize and self.textSize > maxSize then
    self.textSize = maxSize
  end

  -- Protect against too-small text sizes (minimum 1px)
  if self.textSize < 1 then
    self.textSize = 1 -- Minimum 1px
  end

  -- Store original spacing values for proper resize handling
  -- Store shorthand properties first (horizontal/vertical)
  if props.padding then
    if props.padding.horizontal then
      if type(props.padding.horizontal) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.padding.horizontal)
        self.units.padding.horizontal = { value = value, unit = unit }
      else
        self.units.padding.horizontal = { value = props.padding.horizontal, unit = "px" }
      end
    end
    if props.padding.vertical then
      if type(props.padding.vertical) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.padding.vertical)
        self.units.padding.vertical = { value = value, unit = unit }
      else
        self.units.padding.vertical = { value = props.padding.vertical, unit = "px" }
      end
    end
  end

  -- Initialize all padding sides
  for _, side in ipairs({ "top", "right", "bottom", "left" }) do
    if props.padding and props.padding[side] then
      if type(props.padding[side]) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.padding[side])
        self.units.padding[side] = { value = value, unit = unit, explicit = true }
      else
        self.units.padding[side] = { value = props.padding[side], unit = "px", explicit = true }
      end
    else
      -- Mark as derived from shorthand (will use shorthand during resize if available)
      self.units.padding[side] = { value = self.padding[side], unit = "px", explicit = false }
    end
  end

  -- Store margin shorthand properties
  if props.margin then
    if props.margin.horizontal then
      if type(props.margin.horizontal) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.margin.horizontal)
        self.units.margin.horizontal = { value = value, unit = unit }
      else
        self.units.margin.horizontal = { value = props.margin.horizontal, unit = "px" }
      end
    end
    if props.margin.vertical then
      if type(props.margin.vertical) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.margin.vertical)
        self.units.margin.vertical = { value = value, unit = unit }
      else
        self.units.margin.vertical = { value = props.margin.vertical, unit = "px" }
      end
    end
  end

  -- Initialize all margin sides
  for _, side in ipairs({ "top", "right", "bottom", "left" }) do
    if props.margin and props.margin[side] then
      if type(props.margin[side]) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.margin[side])
        self.units.margin[side] = { value = value, unit = unit, explicit = true }
      else
        self.units.margin[side] = { value = props.margin[side], unit = "px", explicit = true }
      end
    else
      -- Mark as derived from shorthand (will use shorthand during resize if available)
      self.units.margin[side] = { value = self.margin[side], unit = "px", explicit = false }
    end
  end

  -- Grid properties are set later in the constructor

  ------ add hereditary ------
  if props.parent == nil then
    table.insert(Context.topElements, self)

    -- Handle x position with units
    if props.x then
      if type(props.x) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.x)
        self.units.x = { value = value, unit = unit }
        self.x = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportWidth)
      else
        -- Apply base scaling to pixel positions
        self.x = Context.baseScale and (props.x * scaleX) or props.x
        self.units.x = { value = props.x, unit = "px" }
      end
    else
      self.x = 0
      self.units.x = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
    end

    -- Handle y position with units
    if props.y then
      if type(props.y) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.y)
        self.units.y = { value = value, unit = unit }
        self.y = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportHeight)
      else
        -- Apply base scaling to pixel positions
        self.y = Context.baseScale and (props.y * scaleY) or props.y
        self.units.y = { value = props.y, unit = "px" }
      end
    else
      self.y = 0
      self.units.y = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
    end

    self.z = props.z or 0

    -- Set textColor with priority: props > theme text color > black
    if props.textColor then
      self.textColor = props.textColor
    else
      -- Try to get text color from theme via ThemeManager
      local themeToUse = self._themeManager:getTheme()
      if themeToUse and themeToUse.colors and themeToUse.colors.text then
        self.textColor = themeToUse.colors.text
      else
        -- Fallback to black
        self.textColor = Color.new(0, 0, 0, 1)
      end
    end

    -- Track if positioning was explicitly set
    if props.positioning then
      validateEnum(props.positioning, Positioning, "positioning")
      self.positioning = props.positioning
      self._originalPositioning = props.positioning
      self._explicitlyAbsolute = (props.positioning == Positioning.ABSOLUTE)
    else
      self.positioning = Positioning.RELATIVE
      self._originalPositioning = nil -- No explicit positioning
      self._explicitlyAbsolute = false
    end
  else
    -- Set positioning first and track if explicitly set
    self._originalPositioning = props.positioning -- Track original intent
    if props.positioning == Positioning.ABSOLUTE then
      self.positioning = Positioning.ABSOLUTE
      self._explicitlyAbsolute = true -- Explicitly set to absolute by user
    elseif props.positioning == Positioning.FLEX then
      self.positioning = Positioning.FLEX
      self._explicitlyAbsolute = false
    elseif props.positioning == Positioning.GRID then
      self.positioning = Positioning.GRID
      self._explicitlyAbsolute = false
    else
      -- Default: children in flex/grid containers participate in parent's layout
      -- children in relative/absolute containers default to relative
      if self.parent.positioning == Positioning.FLEX or self.parent.positioning == Positioning.GRID then
        self.positioning = Positioning.ABSOLUTE -- They are positioned BY flex/grid, not AS flex/grid
        self._explicitlyAbsolute = false -- Participate in parent's layout
      else
        self.positioning = Positioning.RELATIVE
        self._explicitlyAbsolute = false -- Default for relative/absolute containers
      end
    end

    -- Set initial position
    if self.positioning == Positioning.ABSOLUTE then
      -- Handle x position with units
      if props.x then
        if type(props.x) == "string" then
          local value, unit = Units.parse(props.x)
          self.units.x = { value = value, unit = unit }
          local parentWidth = self.parent.width
          self.x = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, parentWidth)
        else
          -- Apply base scaling to pixel positions
          self.x = Context.baseScale and (props.x * scaleX) or props.x
          self.units.x = { value = props.x, unit = "px" }
        end
      else
        self.x = 0
        self.units.x = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
      end

      -- Handle y position with units
      if props.y then
        if type(props.y) == "string" then
          local value, unit = Units.parse(props.y)
          self.units.y = { value = value, unit = unit }
          local parentHeight = self.parent.height
          self.y = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, parentHeight)
        else
          -- Apply base scaling to pixel positions
          self.y = Context.baseScale and (props.y * scaleY) or props.y
          self.units.y = { value = props.y, unit = "px" }
        end
      else
        self.y = 0
        self.units.y = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
      end

      self.z = props.z or 0
    else
      -- Children in flex containers start at parent position but will be repositioned by layoutChildren
      local baseX = self.parent.x
      local baseY = self.parent.y

      if props.x then
        if type(props.x) == "string" then
          local value, unit = Units.parse(props.x)
          self.units.x = { value = value, unit = unit }
          local parentWidth = self.parent.width
          local offsetX = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, parentWidth)
          self.x = baseX + offsetX
        else
          -- Apply base scaling to pixel offsets
          local scaledOffset = Context.baseScale and (props.x * scaleX) or props.x
          self.x = baseX + scaledOffset
          self.units.x = { value = props.x, unit = "px" }
        end
      else
        self.x = baseX
        self.units.x = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
      end

      if props.y then
        if type(props.y) == "string" then
          local value, unit = Units.parse(props.y)
          self.units.y = { value = value, unit = unit }
          parentHeight = self.parent.height
          local offsetY = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, parentHeight)
          self.y = baseY + offsetY
        else
          -- Apply base scaling to pixel offsets
          local scaledOffset = Context.baseScale and (props.y * scaleY) or props.y
          self.y = baseY + scaledOffset
          self.units.y = { value = props.y, unit = "px" }
        end
      else
        self.y = baseY
        self.units.y = { value = 0, unit = "px" }
      end

      self.z = props.z or self.parent.z or 0
    end

    if props.textColor then
      self.textColor = props.textColor
    elseif self.parent.textColor then
      self.textColor = self.parent.textColor
    else
      local themeToUse = self._themeManager:getTheme()
      if themeToUse and themeToUse.colors and themeToUse.colors.text then
        self.textColor = themeToUse.colors.text
      else
        -- Fallback to black
        self.textColor = Color.new(0, 0, 0, 1)
      end
    end

    props.parent:addChild(self)
  end

  -- Handle positioning properties for ALL elements (with or without parent)
  -- Handle top positioning with units
  if props.top then
    if type(props.top) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(props.top)
      self.units.top = { value = value, unit = unit }
      self.top = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportHeight)
    else
      self.top = props.top
      self.units.top = { value = props.top, unit = "px" }
    end
  else
    self.top = nil
    self.units.top = nil
  end

  -- Handle right positioning with units
  if props.right then
    if type(props.right) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(props.right)
      self.units.right = { value = value, unit = unit }
      self.right = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportWidth)
    else
      self.right = props.right
      self.units.right = { value = props.right, unit = "px" }
    end
  else
    self.right = nil
    self.units.right = nil
  end

  -- Handle bottom positioning with units
  if props.bottom then
    if type(props.bottom) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(props.bottom)
      self.units.bottom = { value = value, unit = unit }
      self.bottom = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportHeight)
    else
      self.bottom = props.bottom
      self.units.bottom = { value = props.bottom, unit = "px" }
    end
  else
    self.bottom = nil
    self.units.bottom = nil
  end

  -- Handle left positioning with units
  if props.left then
    if type(props.left) == "string" then
      local value, unit = Units.parse(props.left)
      self.units.left = { value = value, unit = unit }
      self.left = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, viewportWidth)
    else
      self.left = props.left
      self.units.left = { value = props.left, unit = "px" }
    end
  else
    self.left = nil
    self.units.left = nil
  end

  if self.positioning == Positioning.FLEX then
    -- Validate enum properties
    if props.flexDirection then
      validateEnum(props.flexDirection, FlexDirection, "flexDirection")
    end
    if props.flexWrap then
      validateEnum(props.flexWrap, FlexWrap, "flexWrap")
    end
    if props.justifyContent then
      validateEnum(props.justifyContent, JustifyContent, "justifyContent")
    end
    if props.alignItems then
      validateEnum(props.alignItems, AlignItems, "alignItems")
    end
    if props.alignContent then
      validateEnum(props.alignContent, AlignContent, "alignContent")
    end
    if props.justifySelf then
      validateEnum(props.justifySelf, JustifySelf, "justifySelf")
    end

    self.flexDirection = props.flexDirection or FlexDirection.HORIZONTAL
    self.flexWrap = props.flexWrap or FlexWrap.NOWRAP
    self.justifyContent = props.justifyContent or JustifyContent.FLEX_START
    self.alignItems = props.alignItems or AlignItems.STRETCH
    self.alignContent = props.alignContent or AlignContent.STRETCH
    self.justifySelf = props.justifySelf or JustifySelf.AUTO
  end

  -- Grid container properties
  if self.positioning == Positioning.GRID then
    self.gridRows = props.gridRows or 1
    self.gridColumns = props.gridColumns or 1
    self.alignItems = props.alignItems or AlignItems.STRETCH

    -- Handle columnGap and rowGap
    if props.columnGap then
      if type(props.columnGap) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.columnGap)
        self.columnGap = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, self.width)
      else
        self.columnGap = props.columnGap
      end
    else
      self.columnGap = 0
    end

    if props.rowGap then
      if type(props.rowGap) == "string" then
        local value, unit = Units.parse(props.rowGap)
        self.rowGap = Units.resolve(value, unit, viewportWidth, viewportHeight, self.height)
      else
        self.rowGap = props.rowGap
      end
    else
      self.rowGap = 0
    end
  end

  self.alignSelf = props.alignSelf or AlignSelf.AUTO

  -- Update the LayoutEngine with actual layout properties
  -- (it was initialized early with defaults for auto-sizing calculations)
  self._layoutEngine.positioning = self.positioning
  if self.flexDirection then self._layoutEngine.flexDirection = self.flexDirection end
  if self.flexWrap then self._layoutEngine.flexWrap = self.flexWrap end
  if self.justifyContent then self._layoutEngine.justifyContent = self.justifyContent end
  if self.alignItems then self._layoutEngine.alignItems = self.alignItems end
  if self.alignContent then self._layoutEngine.alignContent = self.alignContent end
  if self.gap then self._layoutEngine.gap = self.gap end
  if self.gridRows then self._layoutEngine.gridRows = self.gridRows end
  if self.gridColumns then self._layoutEngine.gridColumns = self.gridColumns end
  if self.columnGap then self._layoutEngine.columnGap = self.columnGap end
  if self.rowGap then self._layoutEngine.rowGap = self.rowGap end

  ---animation
  self.transform = props.transform or {}
  self.transition = props.transition or {}

  -- Initialize ScrollManager if any overflow properties are set
  if props.overflow or props.overflowX or props.overflowY then
    self._scrollManager = ScrollManager.new({
      overflow = props.overflow,
      overflowX = props.overflowX,
      overflowY = props.overflowY,
      scrollbarWidth = props.scrollbarWidth,
      scrollbarColor = props.scrollbarColor,
      scrollbarTrackColor = props.scrollbarTrackColor,
      scrollbarRadius = props.scrollbarRadius,
      scrollbarPadding = props.scrollbarPadding,
      scrollSpeed = props.scrollSpeed,
      hideScrollbars = props.hideScrollbars,
      _scrollX = props._scrollX,
      _scrollY = props._scrollY,
    }, {
      utils = utils,
    })
    self._scrollManager:initialize(self)

    -- Expose ScrollManager properties for backward compatibility (Renderer access)
    self.overflow = self._scrollManager.overflow
    self.overflowX = self._scrollManager.overflowX
    self.overflowY = self._scrollManager.overflowY
    self.scrollbarWidth = self._scrollManager.scrollbarWidth
    self.scrollbarColor = self._scrollManager.scrollbarColor
    self.scrollbarTrackColor = self._scrollManager.scrollbarTrackColor
    self.scrollbarRadius = self._scrollManager.scrollbarRadius
    self.scrollbarPadding = self._scrollManager.scrollbarPadding
    self.scrollSpeed = self._scrollManager.scrollSpeed
    self.hideScrollbars = self._scrollManager.hideScrollbars

    -- Initialize state properties (will be synced from ScrollManager)
    self._overflowX = false
    self._overflowY = false
    self._contentWidth = 0
    self._contentHeight = 0
    self._scrollX = 0
    self._scrollY = 0
    self._maxScrollX = 0
    self._maxScrollY = 0
    self._scrollbarHoveredVertical = false
    self._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal = false
    self._scrollbarDragging = false
    self._hoveredScrollbar = nil
    self._scrollbarDragOffset = 0
  else
    self._scrollManager = nil
  end

  -- Register element in z-index tracking for immediate mode
  if Context._immediateMode then
    Context.registerElement(self)
  end

  -- Initialize TextEditor after element is fully constructed
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:initialize(self)
  end

  return self
end

--- Get element bounds (content box)
---@return { x:number, y:number, width:number, height:number }
function Element:getBounds()
  return { x = self.x, y = self.y, width = self:getBorderBoxWidth(), height = self:getBorderBoxHeight() }
end

--- Check if point is inside element bounds
--- @param x number
--- @param y number
--- @return boolean
function Element:contains(x, y)
  local bounds = self:getBounds()
  return bounds.x <= x and bounds.y <= y and bounds.x + bounds.width >= x and bounds.y + bounds.height >= y
end

--- Get border-box width (including padding)
---@return number
function Element:getBorderBoxWidth()
  return self._borderBoxWidth or (self.width + self.padding.left + self.padding.right)
end

--- Get border-box height (including padding)
---@return number
function Element:getBorderBoxHeight()
  return self._borderBoxHeight or (self.height + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom)
end

--- Sync ScrollManager state to Element properties for backward compatibility
--- This ensures Renderer and StateManager can access scroll state from Element
function Element:_syncScrollManagerState()
  if not self._scrollManager then
    return
  end

  -- Sync state properties from ScrollManager
  self._overflowX = self._scrollManager._overflowX
  self._overflowY = self._scrollManager._overflowY
  self._contentWidth = self._scrollManager._contentWidth
  self._contentHeight = self._scrollManager._contentHeight
  self._scrollX = self._scrollManager._scrollX
  self._scrollY = self._scrollManager._scrollY
  self._maxScrollX = self._scrollManager._maxScrollX
  self._maxScrollY = self._scrollManager._maxScrollY
  self._scrollbarHoveredVertical = self._scrollManager._scrollbarHoveredVertical
  self._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal = self._scrollManager._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal
  self._scrollbarDragging = self._scrollManager._scrollbarDragging
  self._hoveredScrollbar = self._scrollManager._hoveredScrollbar
  self._scrollbarDragOffset = self._scrollManager._scrollbarDragOffset
end

--- Detect if content overflows container bounds (delegates to ScrollManager)
function Element:_detectOverflow()
  if self._scrollManager then
    self._scrollManager:detectOverflow()
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
  end
end

--- Set scroll position with bounds clamping (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@param x number? -- X scroll position (nil to keep current)
---@param y number? -- Y scroll position (nil to keep current)
function Element:setScrollPosition(x, y)
  if self._scrollManager then
    self._scrollManager:setScroll(x, y)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
  end
end

--- Calculate scrollbar dimensions and positions (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@return table -- {vertical: {visible, trackHeight, thumbHeight, thumbY}, horizontal: {visible, trackWidth, thumbWidth, thumbX}}
function Element:_calculateScrollbarDimensions()
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:calculateScrollbarDimensions()
  end
  -- Return empty result if no ScrollManager
  return {
    vertical = { visible = false, trackHeight = 0, thumbHeight = 0, thumbY = 0 },
    horizontal = { visible = false, trackWidth = 0, thumbWidth = 0, thumbX = 0 },
  }
end

--- Draw scrollbars

--- Get scrollbar at mouse position (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@param mouseX number
---@param mouseY number
---@return table|nil -- {component: "vertical"|"horizontal", region: "thumb"|"track"}
function Element:_getScrollbarAtPosition(mouseX, mouseY)
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:getScrollbarAtPosition(mouseX, mouseY)
  end
  return nil
end

--- Handle scrollbar mouse press
---@param mouseX number
---@param mouseY number
---@param button number
---@return boolean -- True if event was consumed
function Element:_handleScrollbarPress(mouseX, mouseY, button)
  if self._scrollManager then
    local consumed = self._scrollManager:handleMousePress(mouseX, mouseY, button)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
    return consumed
  end
  return false
end

--- Handle scrollbar drag (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@param mouseX number
---@param mouseY number
---@return boolean -- True if event was consumed
function Element:_handleScrollbarDrag(mouseX, mouseY)
  if self._scrollManager then
    local consumed = self._scrollManager:handleMouseMove(mouseX, mouseY)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
    return consumed
  end
  return false
end

--- Handle scrollbar release (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@param button number
---@return boolean -- True if event was consumed
function Element:_handleScrollbarRelease(button)
  if self._scrollManager then
    local consumed = self._scrollManager:handleMouseRelease(button)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
    return consumed
  end
  return false
end

--- Scroll to track click position (internal method used by ScrollManager)
---@param mouseX number
---@param mouseY number
---@param component string -- "vertical" or "horizontal"
function Element:_scrollToTrackPosition(mouseX, mouseY, component)
  -- This method is now handled internally by ScrollManager
  -- Keeping empty stub for backward compatibility
end

--- Handle mouse wheel scrolling (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@param x number -- Horizontal scroll amount
---@param y number -- Vertical scroll amount
---@return boolean -- True if scroll was handled
function Element:_handleWheelScroll(x, y)
  if self._scrollManager then
    local consumed = self._scrollManager:handleWheel(x, y)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
    return consumed
  end
  return false
end

--- Get current scroll position (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@return number scrollX, number scrollY
function Element:getScrollPosition()
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:getScroll()
  end
  return 0, 0
end

--- Get maximum scroll bounds (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@return number maxScrollX, number maxScrollY
function Element:getMaxScroll()
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:getMaxScroll()
  end
  return 0, 0
end

--- Get scroll percentage (0-1) (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@return number percentX, number percentY
function Element:getScrollPercentage()
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:getScrollPercentage()
  end
  return 0, 0
end

--- Check if element has overflow (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@return boolean hasOverflowX, boolean hasOverflowY
function Element:hasOverflow()
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:hasOverflow()
  end
  return false, false
end

--- Get content dimensions (including overflow) (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@return number contentWidth, number contentHeight
function Element:getContentSize()
  if self._scrollManager then
    return self._scrollManager:getContentSize()
  end
  return 0, 0
end

--- Scroll by delta amount (delegates to ScrollManager)
---@param dx number? -- X delta (nil for no change)
---@param dy number? -- Y delta (nil for no change)
function Element:scrollBy(dx, dy)
  if self._scrollManager then
    self._scrollManager:scrollBy(dx, dy)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
  end
end

--- Scroll to top
function Element:scrollToTop()
  self:setScrollPosition(nil, 0)
end

--- Scroll to bottom
function Element:scrollToBottom()
  if self._scrollManager then
    local _, maxScrollY = self._scrollManager:getMaxScroll()
    self:setScrollPosition(nil, maxScrollY)
  end
end

--- Scroll to left
function Element:scrollToLeft()
  self:setScrollPosition(0, nil)
end

--- Scroll to right
function Element:scrollToRight()
  if self._scrollManager then
    local maxScrollX, _ = self._scrollManager:getMaxScroll()
    self:setScrollPosition(maxScrollX, nil)
  end
end

--- Get the current state's scaled content padding
--- Returns the contentPadding for the current theme state, scaled to the element's size
---@return table|nil -- {left, top, right, bottom} or nil if no contentPadding
function Element:getScaledContentPadding()
  local borderBoxWidth = self._borderBoxWidth or (self.width + self.padding.left + self.padding.right)
  local borderBoxHeight = self._borderBoxHeight or (self.height + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom)
  return self._themeManager:getScaledContentPadding(borderBoxWidth, borderBoxHeight)
end

--- Get or create blur instance for this element
---@return table? -- Blur instance or nil if no blur configured
function Element:getBlurInstance()
  -- Determine quality from contentBlur or backdropBlur
  local quality = 5 -- Default quality
  if self.contentBlur and self.contentBlur.quality then
    quality = self.contentBlur.quality
  elseif self.backdropBlur and self.backdropBlur.quality then
    quality = self.backdropBlur.quality
  end

  -- Create blur instance if needed
  if not self._blurInstance or self._blurInstance.quality ~= quality then
    self._blurInstance = Blur.new(quality)
  end

  return self._blurInstance
end

--- Get available content width for children (accounting for 9-patch content padding)
--- This is the width that children should use when calculating percentage widths
---@return number
function Element:getAvailableContentWidth()
  local availableWidth = self.width

  local scaledContentPadding = self:getScaledContentPadding()
  if scaledContentPadding then
    -- Check if the element is using the scaled 9-patch contentPadding as its padding
    -- Allow small floating point differences (within 0.1 pixels)
    local usingContentPaddingAsPadding = (
      math.abs(self.padding.left - scaledContentPadding.left) < 0.1 and math.abs(self.padding.right - scaledContentPadding.right) < 0.1
    )

    if not usingContentPaddingAsPadding then
      -- Element has explicit padding different from contentPadding
      -- Subtract scaled contentPadding to get the area children should use
      availableWidth = availableWidth - scaledContentPadding.left - scaledContentPadding.right
    end
  end

  return math.max(0, availableWidth)
end

--- Get available content height for children (accounting for 9-patch content padding)
--- This is the height that children should use when calculating percentage heights
---@return number
function Element:getAvailableContentHeight()
  local availableHeight = self.height

  local scaledContentPadding = self:getScaledContentPadding()
  if scaledContentPadding then
    -- Check if the element is using the scaled 9-patch contentPadding as its padding
    -- Allow small floating point differences (within 0.1 pixels)
    local usingContentPaddingAsPadding = (
      math.abs(self.padding.top - scaledContentPadding.top) < 0.1 and math.abs(self.padding.bottom - scaledContentPadding.bottom) < 0.1
    )

    if not usingContentPaddingAsPadding then
      -- Element has explicit padding different from contentPadding
      -- Subtract scaled contentPadding to get the area children should use
      availableHeight = availableHeight - scaledContentPadding.top - scaledContentPadding.bottom
    end
  end

  return math.max(0, availableHeight)
end

--- Add child to element
---@param child Element
function Element:addChild(child)
  child.parent = self

  -- Re-evaluate positioning now that we have a parent
  -- If child was created without explicit positioning, inherit from parent
  if child._originalPositioning == nil then
    -- No explicit positioning was set during construction
    if self.positioning == Positioning.FLEX or self.positioning == Positioning.GRID then
      child.positioning = Positioning.ABSOLUTE -- They are positioned BY flex/grid, not AS flex/grid
      child._explicitlyAbsolute = false -- Participate in parent's layout
    else
      child.positioning = Positioning.RELATIVE
      child._explicitlyAbsolute = false -- Default for relative/absolute containers
    end
  end
  -- If child._originalPositioning is set, it means explicit positioning was provided
  -- and _explicitlyAbsolute was already set correctly during construction

  table.insert(self.children, child)

  -- Only recalculate auto-sizing if the child participates in layout
  -- (CSS: absolutely positioned children don't affect parent auto-sizing)
  if not child._explicitlyAbsolute then
    local sizeChanged = false

    if self.autosizing.height then
      local oldHeight = self.height
      local contentHeight = self:calculateAutoHeight()
      -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Add padding to get border-box, then subtract to get content
      self._borderBoxHeight = contentHeight + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom
      self.height = contentHeight
      if oldHeight ~= self.height then
        sizeChanged = true
      end
    end
    if self.autosizing.width then
      local oldWidth = self.width
      local contentWidth = self:calculateAutoWidth()
      -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Add padding to get border-box, then subtract to get content
      self._borderBoxWidth = contentWidth + self.padding.left + self.padding.right
      self.width = contentWidth
      if oldWidth ~= self.width then
        sizeChanged = true
      end
    end

    -- Propagate size change up the tree
    if sizeChanged and self.parent and (self.parent.autosizing.width or self.parent.autosizing.height) then
      -- Trigger parent to recalculate its size by re-adding this child's contribution
      -- This ensures grandparents are notified of size changes
      if self.parent.autosizing.height then
        local contentHeight = self.parent:calculateAutoHeight()
        self.parent._borderBoxHeight = contentHeight + self.parent.padding.top + self.parent.padding.bottom
        self.parent.height = contentHeight
      end
      if self.parent.autosizing.width then
        local contentWidth = self.parent:calculateAutoWidth()
        self.parent._borderBoxWidth = contentWidth + self.parent.padding.left + self.parent.padding.right
        self.parent.width = contentWidth
      end
    end
  end

  -- In immediate mode, defer layout until endFrame() when all elements are created
  -- This prevents premature overflow detection with incomplete children
  if not Context._immediateMode then
    self:layoutChildren()
  end
end

--- Apply positioning offsets (top, right, bottom, left) to an element
-- @param element The element to apply offsets to
function Element:applyPositioningOffsets(element)
  -- Delegate to LayoutEngine
  self._layoutEngine:applyPositioningOffsets(element)
end

function Element:layoutChildren()
  -- Delegate layout to LayoutEngine
  self._layoutEngine:layoutChildren()
end

--- Destroy element and its children
function Element:destroy()
  -- Remove from global elements list
  for i, win in ipairs(Context.topElements) do
    if win == self then
      table.remove(Context.topElements, i)
      break
    end
  end

  if self.parent then
    for i, child in ipairs(self.parent.children) do
      if child == self then
        table.remove(self.parent.children, i)
        break
      end
    end
    self.parent = nil
  end

  -- Destroy all children
  for _, child in ipairs(self.children) do
    child:destroy()
  end

  -- Clear children table
  self.children = {}

  -- Clear parent reference
  if self.parent then
    self.parent = nil
  end

  -- Clear animation reference
  self.animation = nil

  -- Clear onEvent to prevent closure leaks
  self.onEvent = nil
end

--- Draw element and its children
function Element:draw(backdropCanvas)
  -- Early exit if element is invisible (optimization)
  if self.opacity <= 0 then
    return
  end

  -- Handle opacity during animation
  local drawBackgroundColor = self.backgroundColor
  if self.animation then
    local anim = self.animation:interpolate()
    if anim.opacity then
      drawBackgroundColor = Color.new(self.backgroundColor.r, self.backgroundColor.g, self.backgroundColor.b, anim.opacity)
    end
  end

  -- Cache border box dimensions for this draw call (optimization)
  local borderBoxWidth = self._borderBoxWidth or (self.width + self.padding.left + self.padding.right)
  local borderBoxHeight = self._borderBoxHeight or (self.height + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom)

  -- LAYERS 0.5-3: Delegate visual rendering (backdrop blur, background, image, theme, borders) to Renderer module
  self._renderer:draw(backdropCanvas)

  -- LAYER 4: Delegate text rendering (text, cursor, selection, placeholder, password masking) to Renderer module
  self._renderer:drawText(self)

  -- Draw visual feedback when element is pressed (if it has an onEvent handler and highlight is not disabled)
  if self.onEvent and not self.disableHighlight then
    -- Check if any button is pressed
    local anyPressed = false
    for _, pressed in pairs(self._pressed) do
      if pressed then
        anyPressed = true
        break
      end
    end
    if anyPressed then
      -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Use stored border-box dimensions for drawing
      local borderBoxWidth = self._borderBoxWidth or (self.width + self.padding.left + self.padding.right)
      local borderBoxHeight = self._borderBoxHeight or (self.height + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom)
      self._renderer:drawPressedState(self.x, self.y, borderBoxWidth, borderBoxHeight)
    end
  end

  -- Sort children by z-index before drawing
  local sortedChildren = {}
  for _, child in ipairs(self.children) do
    table.insert(sortedChildren, child)
  end
  table.sort(sortedChildren, function(a, b)
    return a.z < b.z
  end)

  -- Check if we need to clip children to rounded corners
  local hasRoundedCorners = self.cornerRadius.topLeft > 0
    or self.cornerRadius.topRight > 0
    or self.cornerRadius.bottomLeft > 0
    or self.cornerRadius.bottomRight > 0

  -- Helper function to draw children (with or without clipping)
  local function drawChildren()
    -- Determine overflow behavior per axis (matches HTML/CSS behavior)
    -- Priority: axis-specific (overflowX/Y) > general (overflow) > default (hidden)
    local overflowX = self.overflowX or self.overflow
    local overflowY = self.overflowY or self.overflow
    local needsOverflowClipping = (overflowX ~= "visible" or overflowY ~= "visible") and (overflowX ~= nil or overflowY ~= nil)

    -- Apply scroll offset if overflow is not visible
    local hasScrollOffset = needsOverflowClipping and (self._scrollX ~= 0 or self._scrollY ~= 0)

    if hasRoundedCorners and #sortedChildren > 0 then
      -- Use stencil to clip children to rounded rectangle
      -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Use stored border-box dimensions for clipping
      local borderBoxWidth = self._borderBoxWidth or (self.width + self.padding.left + self.padding.right)
      local borderBoxHeight = self._borderBoxHeight or (self.height + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom)
      local stencilFunc = RoundedRect.stencilFunction(self.x, self.y, borderBoxWidth, borderBoxHeight, self.cornerRadius)

      -- Temporarily disable canvas for stencil operation (LÖVE 11.5 workaround)
      local currentCanvas = love.graphics.getCanvas()
      love.graphics.setCanvas()
      love.graphics.stencil(stencilFunc, "replace", 1)
      love.graphics.setCanvas(currentCanvas)

      love.graphics.setStencilTest("greater", 0)

      -- Apply scroll offset AFTER clipping is set
      if hasScrollOffset then
        love.graphics.push()
        love.graphics.translate(-self._scrollX, -self._scrollY)
      end

      for _, child in ipairs(sortedChildren) do
        child:draw(backdropCanvas)
      end

      if hasScrollOffset then
        love.graphics.pop()
      end

      love.graphics.setStencilTest()
    elseif needsOverflowClipping and #sortedChildren > 0 then
      -- Clip content for overflow hidden/scroll/auto without rounded corners
      local contentX = self.x + self.padding.left
      local contentY = self.y + self.padding.top
      local contentWidth = self.width
      local contentHeight = self.height

      love.graphics.setScissor(contentX, contentY, contentWidth, contentHeight)

      -- Apply scroll offset AFTER clipping is set
      if hasScrollOffset then
        love.graphics.push()
        love.graphics.translate(-self._scrollX, -self._scrollY)
      end

      for _, child in ipairs(sortedChildren) do
        child:draw(backdropCanvas)
      end

      if hasScrollOffset then
        love.graphics.pop()
      end

      love.graphics.setScissor()
    else
      -- No clipping needed
      for _, child in ipairs(sortedChildren) do
        child:draw(backdropCanvas)
      end
    end
  end

  -- Apply content blur if configured
  if self.contentBlur and self.contentBlur.intensity > 0 and #sortedChildren > 0 then
    local blurInstance = self:getBlurInstance()
    if blurInstance then
      Blur.applyToRegion(blurInstance, self.contentBlur.intensity, self.x, self.y, borderBoxWidth, borderBoxHeight, drawChildren)
    else
      drawChildren()
    end
  else
    drawChildren()
  end

  -- Draw scrollbars if overflow is scroll or auto
  -- IMPORTANT: Scrollbars must be drawn without parent clipping
  local overflowX = self.overflowX or self.overflow
  local overflowY = self.overflowY or self.overflow
  if overflowX == "scroll" or overflowX == "auto" or overflowY == "scroll" or overflowY == "auto" then
    local scrollbarDims = self:_calculateScrollbarDimensions()
    if scrollbarDims.vertical.visible or scrollbarDims.horizontal.visible then
      -- Clear any parent scissor clipping before drawing scrollbars
      love.graphics.setScissor()
      -- Delegate scrollbar rendering to Renderer module
      self._renderer:drawScrollbars(self, self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height, scrollbarDims)
    end
  end
end

--- Update element (propagate to children)
---@param dt number
function Element:update(dt)
  -- Restore scrollbar state from StateManager in immediate mode
  if self._stateId and Context._immediateMode then
    local state = StateManager.getState(self._stateId)
    if state then
      self._scrollbarHoveredVertical = state.scrollbarHoveredVertical or false
      self._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal = state.scrollbarHoveredHorizontal or false
      self._scrollbarDragging = state.scrollbarDragging or false
      self._hoveredScrollbar = state.hoveredScrollbar
      self._scrollbarDragOffset = state.scrollbarDragOffset or 0

      if self._scrollManager then
        self._scrollManager._scrollbarHoveredVertical = self._scrollbarHoveredVertical
        self._scrollManager._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal = self._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal
        self._scrollManager._scrollbarDragging = self._scrollbarDragging
        self._scrollManager._hoveredScrollbar = self._hoveredScrollbar
        self._scrollManager._scrollbarDragOffset = self._scrollbarDragOffset
      end
    end
  end

  for _, child in ipairs(self.children) do
    child:update(dt)
  end

  -- Update text editor cursor blink
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:update(dt)
  end

  -- Update animation if exists
  if self.animation then
    local finished = self.animation:update(dt)
    if finished then
      self.animation = nil -- remove finished animation
    else
      -- Apply animation interpolation during update
      local anim = self.animation:interpolate()
      self.width = anim.width or self.width
      self.height = anim.height or self.height
      self.opacity = anim.opacity or self.opacity
      -- Update background color with interpolated opacity
      if anim.opacity then
        self.backgroundColor.a = anim.opacity
      end
    end
  end

  local mx, my = love.mouse.getPosition()

  if self._scrollManager then
    self._scrollManager:updateHoverState(mx, my)
    self:_syncScrollManagerState()
  end

  if self._stateId and Context._immediateMode then
    StateManager.updateState(self._stateId, {
      scrollbarHoveredVertical = self._scrollbarHoveredVertical,
      scrollbarHoveredHorizontal = self._scrollbarHoveredHorizontal,
      scrollbarDragging = self._scrollbarDragging,
      hoveredScrollbar = self._hoveredScrollbar,
    })
  end

  if self._scrollbarDragging and love.mouse.isDown(1) then
    self:_handleScrollbarDrag(mx, my)
  elseif self._scrollbarDragging then
    if self._scrollManager then
      self._scrollManager:handleMouseRelease(1)
      self:_syncScrollManagerState()
    end

    if self._stateId and Context._immediateMode then
      StateManager.updateState(self._stateId, {
        scrollbarDragging = false,
      })
    end
  end

  -- Handle scrollbar click/press (independent of onEvent)
  -- Check if we should handle scrollbar press for elements with overflow
  local overflowX = self.overflowX or self.overflow
  local overflowY = self.overflowY or self.overflow
  local hasScrollableOverflow = (overflowX == "scroll" or overflowX == "auto" or overflowY == "scroll" or overflowY == "auto")

  if hasScrollableOverflow and not self._scrollbarDragging then
    -- Check for scrollbar press on left mouse button
    if love.mouse.isDown(1) and not self._scrollbarPressHandled then
      local scrollbarPressed = self:_handleScrollbarPress(mx, my, 1)
      if scrollbarPressed then
        self._scrollbarPressHandled = true
      end
    elseif not love.mouse.isDown(1) then
      -- Reset press handled flag when button is released
      self._scrollbarPressHandled = false
    end
  end

  if self.onEvent or self.themeComponent or self.editable then
    -- Clickable area is the border box (x, y already includes padding)
    -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Use stored border-box dimensions for hit detection
    local bx = self.x
    local by = self.y
    local bw = self._borderBoxWidth or (self.width + self.padding.left + self.padding.right)
    local bh = self._borderBoxHeight or (self.height + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom)

    -- Account for scroll offsets from parent containers
    -- Walk up the parent chain and accumulate scroll offsets
    local scrollOffsetX = 0
    local scrollOffsetY = 0
    local current = self.parent
    while current do
      local overflowX = current.overflowX or current.overflow
      local overflowY = current.overflowY or current.overflow
      local hasScrollableOverflow = (
        overflowX == "scroll"
        or overflowX == "auto"
        or overflowY == "scroll"
        or overflowY == "auto"
        or overflowX == "hidden"
        or overflowY == "hidden"
      )
      if hasScrollableOverflow then
        scrollOffsetX = scrollOffsetX + (current._scrollX or 0)
        scrollOffsetY = scrollOffsetY + (current._scrollY or 0)
      end
      current = current.parent
    end

    -- Adjust mouse position by accumulated scroll offset for hit testing
    local adjustedMx = mx + scrollOffsetX
    local adjustedMy = my + scrollOffsetY
    local isHovering = adjustedMx >= bx and adjustedMx <= bx + bw and adjustedMy >= by and adjustedMy <= by + bh

    -- Check if this is the topmost element at the mouse position (z-index ordering)
    -- This prevents blocked elements from receiving interactions or visual feedback
    local isActiveElement
    if Context._immediateMode then
      -- In immediate mode, use z-index occlusion detection
      local topElement = Context.getTopElementAt(mx, my)
      isActiveElement = (topElement == self or topElement == nil)
    else
      -- In retained mode, use the old _activeEventElement mechanism
      isActiveElement = (Context._activeEventElement == nil or Context._activeEventElement == self)
    end

    -- Update theme state based on interaction
    if self.themeComponent then
      -- Check if any button is pressed via EventHandler
      local anyPressed = self._eventHandler:isAnyButtonPressed()

      -- Update theme state via ThemeManager
      local newThemeState = self._themeManager:updateState(isHovering and isActiveElement, anyPressed, self._focused, self.disabled)

      -- Update state (in StateManager if in immediate mode, otherwise locally)
      if self._stateId and Context._immediateMode then
        -- Update in StateManager for immediate mode
        local hover = newThemeState == "hover"
        local pressed = newThemeState == "pressed"
        local focused = newThemeState == "active" or self._focused

        StateManager.updateState(self._stateId, {
          hover = hover,
          pressed = pressed,
          focused = focused,
          disabled = self.disabled,
          active = self.active,
        })
      end

      -- Always update local state for backward compatibility
      self._themeState = newThemeState
      -- Sync theme state with Renderer module
      if self._renderer then
        self._renderer:setThemeState(newThemeState)
      end
    end

    -- Reset scrollbar press flag at start of each frame
    self._eventHandler:resetScrollbarPressFlag()

    -- Process mouse events through EventHandler
    self._eventHandler:processMouseEvents(mx, my, isHovering, isActiveElement)

    -- Process touch events through EventHandler
    self._eventHandler:processTouchEvents()
  end
end

---@param newViewportWidth number
---@param newViewportHeight number
function Element:recalculateUnits(newViewportWidth, newViewportHeight)
  self._layoutEngine:recalculateUnits(newViewportWidth, newViewportHeight)
end

--- Resize element and its children based on game window size change
---@param newGameWidth number
---@param newGameHeight number
function Element:resize(newGameWidth, newGameHeight)
  self:recalculateUnits(newGameWidth, newGameHeight)

  -- For non-auto-sized elements with viewport/percentage units, update content dimensions from border-box
  if not self.autosizing.width and self._borderBoxWidth and self.units.width.unit ~= "px" then
    self.width = math.max(0, self._borderBoxWidth - self.padding.left - self.padding.right)
  end
  if not self.autosizing.height and self._borderBoxHeight and self.units.height.unit ~= "px" then
    self.height = math.max(0, self._borderBoxHeight - self.padding.top - self.padding.bottom)
  end

  -- Update children
  for _, child in ipairs(self.children) do
    child:resize(newGameWidth, newGameHeight)
  end

  -- Recalculate auto-sized dimensions after children are resized
  if self.autosizing.width then
    local contentWidth = self:calculateAutoWidth()
    -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Add padding to get border-box, then subtract to get content
    self._borderBoxWidth = contentWidth + self.padding.left + self.padding.right
    self.width = contentWidth
  end
  if self.autosizing.height then
    local contentHeight = self:calculateAutoHeight()
    -- BORDER-BOX MODEL: Add padding to get border-box, then subtract to get content
    self._borderBoxHeight = contentHeight + self.padding.top + self.padding.bottom
    self.height = contentHeight
  end

  -- Re-resolve ew/eh textSize units after all dimensions are finalized
  -- This ensures textSize updates based on current width/height (whether calculated or manually set)
  if self.units.textSize.value then
    local unit = self.units.textSize.unit
    local value = self.units.textSize.value
    local _, scaleY = Context.getScaleFactors()

    if unit == "ew" then
      -- Element width relative (use current width)
      self.textSize = (value / 100) * self.width

      -- Apply min/max constraints
      local minSize = self.minTextSize and (Context.baseScale and (self.minTextSize * scaleY) or self.minTextSize)
      local maxSize = self.maxTextSize and (Context.baseScale and (self.maxTextSize * scaleY) or self.maxTextSize)
      if minSize and self.textSize < minSize then
        self.textSize = minSize
      end
      if maxSize and self.textSize > maxSize then
        self.textSize = maxSize
      end
      if self.textSize < 1 then
        self.textSize = 1
      end
    elseif unit == "eh" then
      -- Element height relative (use current height)
      self.textSize = (value / 100) * self.height

      -- Apply min/max constraints
      local minSize = self.minTextSize and (Context.baseScale and (self.minTextSize * scaleY) or self.minTextSize)
      local maxSize = self.maxTextSize and (Context.baseScale and (self.maxTextSize * scaleY) or self.maxTextSize)
      if minSize and self.textSize < minSize then
        self.textSize = minSize
      end
      if maxSize and self.textSize > maxSize then
        self.textSize = maxSize
      end
      if self.textSize < 1 then
        self.textSize = 1
      end
    end
  end

  self:layoutChildren()
  self.prevGameSize.width = newGameWidth
  self.prevGameSize.height = newGameHeight
end

--- Calculate text width for button
---@return number
function Element:calculateTextWidth()
  if self.text == nil then
    return 0
  end

  if self.textSize then
    local fontPath = nil
    if self.fontFamily then
      local themeToUse = self._themeManager:getTheme()
      if themeToUse and themeToUse.fonts and themeToUse.fonts[self.fontFamily] then
        fontPath = themeToUse.fonts[self.fontFamily]
      else
        fontPath = self.fontFamily
      end
    elseif self.themeComponent then
      fontPath = self._themeManager:getDefaultFontFamily()
    end

    local tempFont = FONT_CACHE.get(self.textSize, fontPath)
    local width = tempFont:getWidth(self.text)
    if self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier and self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier.width then
      width = width * self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier.width
    end
    return width
  end

  local font = love.graphics.getFont()
  local width = font:getWidth(self.text)
  if self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier and self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier.width then
    width = width * self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier.width
  end
  return width
end

---@return number
function Element:calculateTextHeight()
  if self.text == nil then
    return 0
  end

  local font
  if self.textSize then
    local fontPath = nil
    if self.fontFamily then
      local themeToUse = self._themeManager:getTheme()
      if themeToUse and themeToUse.fonts and themeToUse.fonts[self.fontFamily] then
        fontPath = themeToUse.fonts[self.fontFamily]
      else
        fontPath = self.fontFamily
      end
    elseif self.themeComponent then
      fontPath = self._themeManager:getDefaultFontFamily()
    end
    font = FONT_CACHE.get(self.textSize, fontPath)
  else
    font = love.graphics.getFont()
  end

  local height = font:getHeight()

  if self.textWrap and (self.textWrap == "word" or self.textWrap == "char" or self.textWrap == true) then
    local availableWidth = self.width

    if (not availableWidth or availableWidth <= 0) and self.parent then
      availableWidth = self.parent.width
    end

    if availableWidth and availableWidth > 0 then
      local wrappedWidth, wrappedLines = font:getWrap(self.text, availableWidth)
      height = height * #wrappedLines
    end
  end

  if self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier and self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier.height then
    height = height * self.contentAutoSizingMultiplier.height
  end

  return height
end

function Element:calculateAutoWidth()
  return self._layoutEngine:calculateAutoWidth()
end

--- Calculate auto height based on children
function Element:calculateAutoHeight()
  return self._layoutEngine:calculateAutoHeight()
end

---@param newText string
---@param autoresize boolean? --default: false
function Element:updateText(newText, autoresize)
  self.text = newText or self.text
  if autoresize then
    self.width = self:calculateTextWidth()
    self.height = self:calculateTextHeight()
  end
end

---@param newOpacity number
function Element:updateOpacity(newOpacity)
  self.opacity = newOpacity
  for _, child in ipairs(self.children) do
    child:updateOpacity(newOpacity)
  end
end

--- same as calling updateOpacity(0)
function Element:hide()
  self:updateOpacity(0)
end

--- same as calling updateOpacity(1)
function Element:show()
  self:updateOpacity(1)
end

-- ====================
-- Input Handling - Cursor Management
-- ====================

--- Set cursor position
---@param position number -- Character index (0-based)
function Element:setCursorPosition(position)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:setCursorPosition(position)
  end
end

--- Get cursor position
---@return number -- Character index (0-based)
function Element:getCursorPosition()
  if self._textEditor then
    return self._textEditor:getCursorPosition()
  end
  return 0
end

--- Move cursor by delta characters
---@param delta number -- Number of characters to move (positive or negative)
function Element:moveCursorBy(delta)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorBy(delta)
  end
end

--- Move cursor to start of text
function Element:moveCursorToStart()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorToStart()
  end
end

--- Move cursor to end of text
function Element:moveCursorToEnd()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorToEnd()
  end
end

--- Move cursor to start of current line
function Element:moveCursorToLineStart()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorToLineStart()
  end
end

--- Move cursor to end of current line
function Element:moveCursorToLineEnd()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorToLineEnd()
  end
end

--- Move cursor to start of previous word
function Element:moveCursorToPreviousWord()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorToPreviousWord()
  end
end

--- Move cursor to start of next word
function Element:moveCursorToNextWord()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:moveCursorToNextWord()
  end
end

-- ====================
-- Input Handling - Selection Management
-- ====================

--- Set selection range
---@param startPos number -- Start position (inclusive)
---@param endPos number -- End position (inclusive)
function Element:setSelection(startPos, endPos)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:setSelection(startPos, endPos)
  end
end

--- Get selection range
---@return number?, number? -- Start and end positions, or nil if no selection
function Element:getSelection()
  if self._textEditor then
    return self._textEditor:getSelection()
  end
  return nil, nil
end

--- Check if there is an active selection
---@return boolean
function Element:hasSelection()
  if self._textEditor then
    return self._textEditor:hasSelection()
  end
  return false
end

--- Clear selection
function Element:clearSelection()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:clearSelection()
  end
end

--- Select all text
function Element:selectAll()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:selectAll()
  end
end

--- Get selected text
---@return string? -- Selected text or nil if no selection
function Element:getSelectedText()
  if self._textEditor then
    return self._textEditor:getSelectedText()
  end
  return nil
end

--- Delete selected text
---@return boolean -- True if text was deleted
function Element:deleteSelection()
  if self._textEditor then
    local result = self._textEditor:deleteSelection()
    if result then
      self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
      self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
    end
    return result
  end
  return false
end

-- ====================
-- Input Handling - Focus Management
-- ====================

--- Focus this element for keyboard input
function Element:focus()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:focus()
  end
end

--- Remove focus from this element
function Element:blur()
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:blur()
  end
end

--- Check if this element is focused
---@return boolean
function Element:isFocused()
  if self._textEditor then
    return self._textEditor:isFocused()
  end
  return false
end

-- ====================
-- Input Handling - Text Buffer Management
-- ====================

--- Get current text buffer
---@return string
function Element:getText()
  if self._textEditor then
    return self._textEditor:getText()
  end
  return self.text or ""
end

--- Set text buffer and mark dirty
---@param text string
function Element:setText(text)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:setText(text)
    self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
    self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
    return
  end
  self.text = text
end

--- Insert text at position
---@param text string -- Text to insert
---@param position number? -- Position to insert at (default: cursor position)
function Element:insertText(text, position)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:insertText(text, position)
    self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
    self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
  end
end

---@param startPos number -- Start position (inclusive)
---@param endPos number -- End position (inclusive)
function Element:deleteText(startPos, endPos)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:deleteText(startPos, endPos)
    self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
    self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
  end
end

--- Replace text in range
---@param startPos number -- Start position (inclusive)
---@param endPos number -- End position (inclusive)
---@param newText string -- Replacement text
function Element:replaceText(startPos, endPos, newText)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:replaceText(startPos, endPos, newText)
    self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
    self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
  end
end

--- Wrap a single line of text
---@param line string -- Line to wrap
---@param maxWidth number -- Maximum width in pixels
---@return table -- Array of wrapped line parts
function Element:_wrapLine(line, maxWidth)
  return self._renderer:wrapLine(self, line, maxWidth)
end

---@return love.Font
function Element:_getFont()
  return self._renderer:getFont(self)
end

-- ====================
-- Input Handling - Mouse Selection
-- ====================

--- Handle mouse click on text (set cursor position or start selection)
---@param mouseX number -- Mouse X coordinate
---@param mouseY number -- Mouse Y coordinate
---@param clickCount number -- Number of clicks (1=single, 2=double, 3=triple)
function Element:_handleTextClick(mouseX, mouseY, clickCount)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:handleTextClick(mouseX, mouseY, clickCount)
    -- Store mouse down position on element for drag tracking
    if clickCount == 1 then
      self._mouseDownPosition = self._textEditor:mouseToTextPosition(mouseX, mouseY)
    end
  end
end

--- Handle mouse drag for text selection
---@param mouseX number -- Mouse X coordinate
---@param mouseY number -- Mouse Y coordinate
function Element:_handleTextDrag(mouseX, mouseY)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:handleTextDrag(mouseX, mouseY)
    self._textDragOccurred = self._textEditor._textDragOccurred
  end
end

-- ====================
-- Input Handling - Keyboard Input
-- ====================

--- Handle text input (character input)
---@param text string -- Character(s) to insert
function Element:textinput(text)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:handleTextInput(text)
    self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
    self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
  end
end

--- Handle key press (special keys)
---@param key string -- Key name
---@param scancode string -- Scancode
---@param isrepeat boolean -- Whether this is a key repeat
function Element:keypressed(key, scancode, isrepeat)
  if self._textEditor then
    self._textEditor:handleKeyPress(key, scancode, isrepeat)
    self.text = self._textEditor:getText() -- Sync display text
    self._textEditor:updateAutoGrowHeight()
  end
end

return Element