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plant-disease-id/apps/web/scripts/disease-templates.ts
Michael Freno 365d1281dd feat(test): add comprehensive test suite with vitest coverage 
- Add vitest coverage-v8 plugin and configure coverage thresholds (80% lines)
- Add coverage exclusions for server-only pages, DB layer, and ML backends
- Create eslint-disable annotations for test mocks and setup
- Exclude test files from tsconfig to avoid type errors on mocks
- Rewrite API route tests (diseases, plants) for async diseases-db imports
- Update component tests (EmptyState, Footer, Navbar, LoadingSkeleton,
  ResultsDashboard, ImageUpload) to match current component implementations
- Add page-level tests for homepage, 404, and results page
- Fix upload-client tests with proper mock resets in beforeEach
- Add diseases-db module as async knowledge base backend
- Refactor API routes to use async diseases-db (listDiseases, getDiseaseById,
  getPlantById, getLookalikeDiseases, etc.)
- Add plant field to PredictionResult type and identify route response
- Add KB generation scripts (plant-list, disease-templates, generate-full-kb)
- Update constants with expanded featured plants and trust signals
- Fix ResultsDashboard to use plant from prediction result instead of DB lookup
2026-06-05 21:26:46 -04:00

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/**
* Disease templates for the plant disease knowledge base.
* All templates are sourced from UW-Madison PDDC and Cornell PDDC factsheets.
*
* Organized by:
* - Generic templates (cross-family)
* - Family-specific templates (e.g., Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae)
*/
import type { CausalAgentType, Severity } from "../src/lib/types";
// ─── Core template structure ────────────────────────────────────────────────
export interface DiseaseSpec {
name: string;
sciName: string;
type: CausalAgentType;
severity: Severity;
symptoms: string[];
causes: string[];
treatment: string[];
prevention: string[];
}
// ─── Generic / Cross-family Templates ───────────────────────────────────────
// These diseases can affect a wide range of plant species
export const GENERIC_TEMPLATES: DiseaseSpec[] = [
{
name: "Powdery Mildew",
sciName: "Erysiphe spp., Sphaerotheca spp., Podosphaera spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"White to grayish powdery fungal growth on upper surfaces of leaves and young stems",
"Yellowing and browning of infected leaves starting from leaf margins",
"Distorted, stunted, or curled new growth and flower buds",
"Premature leaf drop and reduced photosynthesis in severe cases",
"Reduced fruit yield and quality, with small or malformed fruit",
],
causes: [
"Fungal spores overwintering on plant debris or in dormant buds",
"High relative humidity (not free water) combined with moderate temperatures (60-80°F)",
"Dense plantings with poor air circulation that trap humidity around foliage",
"Shaded conditions and excess nitrogen fertilization promoting succulent growth",
"Spores easily spread by wind over considerable distances",
],
treatment: [
"Apply sulfur-based fungicide, potassium bicarbonate, or neem oil at first sign of infection",
"Remove and destroy heavily infected leaves, stems, and flower buds",
"Improve air circulation through pruning, thinning, and proper spacing",
"Apply horticultural oil sprays to smother fungal growth every 7-14 days",
"For severe cases on valuable plants, use systemic fungicide containing myclobutanil or tebuconazole",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties when available for the specific crop",
"Space plants adequately and prune for good air movement",
"Avoid overhead watering; use drip irrigation at soil level",
"Apply preventive sulfur spray every 7-14 days during favorable weather",
"Remove and dispose of crop debris at end of season to reduce overwintering inoculum",
],
},
{
name: "Root Rot (Pythium/Phytophthora)",
sciName: "Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Yellowing, wilting, and stunting of foliage despite adequate soil moisture",
"Brown, soft, mushy roots that disintegrate when touched",
"Dark brown to black discoloration of stem base at soil line",
"Gradual plant decline over days to weeks, often with interveinal chlorosis",
"Plant may fall over due to complete root system decay",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne oomycete pathogens in genus Pythium or Phytophthora",
"Overwatering or poorly draining soil creating waterlogged, anaerobic conditions",
"Contaminated potting mix, garden soil, or irrigation water",
"Planting too deeply or mechanical wounding of roots and stem base",
"Warm, wet soils (60-85°F) favor rapid pathogen growth and infection",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy severely affected plants along with surrounding soil to prevent spread",
"Improve drainage by amending heavy soils with perlite, coarse sand, or organic matter",
"Reduce watering frequency and allow soil to dry between waterings",
"Apply fungicide drench containing mefenoxam, etridiazole, or phosphorous acid for specific pathogens",
"Repot container plants with fresh sterile potting mix in a sanitized container with drainage holes",
],
prevention: [
"Use well-draining potting mix and containers with adequate drainage holes",
"Water only when top 1-2 inches of soil are dry to the touch",
"Avoid overwatering and standing water in saucers or drip trays",
"Sterilize pots, trays, and tools between plantings with 10% bleach solution",
"Use raised beds in areas with naturally poor drainage",
],
},
{
name: "Damping-Off",
sciName: "Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Seeds fail to germinate or seedlings fail to emerge from planting medium",
"Stems of newly emerged seedlings become thin, water-soaked, and collapse at soil line",
"Cotyledons and young leaves wilt, turn yellow, and die rapidly",
"Brownish decay visible on roots and stem base below soil surface",
"Patches of missing or fallen seedlings in seed trays or garden beds",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne fungal pathogens attacking germinating seeds and succulent seedling tissue",
"Overwatering or poorly draining seed-starting medium creating waterlogged conditions",
"Contaminated potting soil or garden soil containing pathogen propagules",
"Cool soil temperatures slowing germination and seedling growth",
"Dense seeding that reduces air circulation and keeps seedling stems moist",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy affected seedlings and surrounding medium immediately",
"Improve drainage by adding perlite or coarse sand to growing medium",
"Reduce watering frequency and allow soil surface to dry between waterings",
"Apply fungicide drench containing etridiazole or mefenoxam according to label directions",
"Increase air circulation around seedlings with a small oscillating fan",
],
prevention: [
"Use sterile seed-starting mix, never garden soil, for seed germination",
"Sterilize seed trays, flats, and tools with 10% bleach solution before use",
"Water from below by placing trays in water, never overhead onto seedlings",
"Provide adequate light and avoid overcrowding of seedlings in flats",
"Warm soil to 70-75°F using heat mats for optimal germination speed",
],
},
{
name: "Anthracnose",
sciName: "Colletotrichum spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Circular sunken lesions on fruits, leaves, stems, and flowers",
"Dark brown to black spots with pinkish-orange spore masses in wet weather",
"Leaf spots that enlarge and coalesce, causing leaf blight and defoliation",
"Fruit rot that starts as small circular spots and enlarges, ruining marketability",
"Dieback of twigs and branches on woody plants, with canker formation",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogens in the Colletotrichum genus with broad host ranges",
"Spores splash-dispersed by rain, overhead irrigation, and wind-driven water",
"Warm humid conditions (70-85°F) with extended leaf wetness periods over 12 hours",
"Overwintering on infected plant debris, mummified fruit, and infected seeds",
],
treatment: [
"Prune out and destroy infected branches, stems, and fruit during dry weather",
"Apply copper fungicide or chlorothalonil at first sign of disease, repeating every 7-14 days",
"Improve air circulation through proper pruning and plant spacing",
"Remove and destroy fallen leaves, fruit, and other plant debris from around plants",
"Apply protective fungicide sprays during bloom and fruit development stages",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties when available for specific crops",
"Water at soil level and avoid wetting foliage with overhead irrigation",
"Mulch around plants with 2-3 inches of organic material to prevent soil splash",
"Practice crop rotation with non-host crops for 2-3 years",
"Sanitize pruning tools between cuts with 70% alcohol solution",
],
},
{
name: "Gray Mold (Botrytis Blight)",
sciName: "Botrytis cinerea",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Soft, brown, water-soaked spots on leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit",
"Grayish-brown fuzzy mold growth on decaying plant tissue in humid conditions",
"Rapid spread of decay, especially on damaged or senescing plant tissue",
"Flower blight causing blossoms to turn brown and collapse",
"Large irregular lesions on fruit that become covered with gray spores",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea with very broad host range (200+ species)",
"Cool, humid conditions (55-70°F) with poor air circulation",
"Entry through wounds, senescent flowers, or mechanical damage",
"Overhead irrigation and crowding that keep foliage wet for extended periods",
"Spores produced prolifically and spread by air currents and water splash",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy all infected plant parts and debris immediately",
"Improve air circulation through spacing, pruning, and ventilation",
"Reduce humidity by watering at soil level and watering early in day",
"Apply fungicide containing chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, or fenhexamid",
"Avoid working among wet plants to prevent spore spread",
],
prevention: [
"Space plants adequately for air circulation",
"Water at soil level early in the day so foliage dries before nightfall",
"Remove spent flowers and senescing leaves promptly",
"Avoid high nitrogen fertilization that promotes lush, susceptible growth",
"Use preventive fungicide sprays during extended cool, wet weather",
],
},
{
name: "Rust",
sciName: "Puccinia spp., Uromyces spp., Phragmidium spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Bright orange, yellow, reddish-brown, or dark brown pustules on leaf undersides",
"Corresponding yellow chlorotic spots on upper leaf surfaces above pustules",
"Severe infections cause leaf curling, distortion, and premature defoliation",
"Stems, petioles, and even fruit may develop pustules in heavy infections",
"Reduced plant vigor, stunting, and significant yield loss",
],
causes: [
"Obligate parasitic rust fungi requiring living plant tissue to survive",
"Spores dispersed by wind over long distances from infected plants",
"Free moisture in the form of dew or rain required for spore germination on leaf surface",
"Some rust fungi require two different host species to complete their life cycle",
"Moderate temperatures (60-75°F) with high humidity favor disease development",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves and plant parts at first sign of pustules",
"Apply sulfur or copper fungicide as a protectant every 7-14 days",
"Use systemic fungicide containing myclobutanil, tebuconazole, or azoxystrobin for existing infections",
"Improve air circulation to reduce leaf wetness duration",
"Avoid overhead watering to keep foliage dry",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Remove alternate hosts (e.g., junipers for cedar-apple rust) when possible",
"Space plants for good air circulation and rapid leaf drying",
"Water early in the day so foliage dries before nightfall",
"Apply preventive fungicide in spring if rust was severe the previous season",
],
},
{
name: "Leaf Spot (Septoria/Cercospora)",
sciName: "Septoria spp., Cercospora spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Small circular to irregular spots on leaves with defined dark margins",
"Spots have tan, gray, or light brown centers with purplish-black borders",
"Tiny black specks (pycnidia) visible in center of spots under magnification",
"Spots may coalesce causing large dead areas and premature leaf drop",
"Disease progresses from lower leaves upward, reducing photosynthetic area",
],
causes: [
"Host-specific fungal pathogens in Septoria or Cercospora genera",
"Spores splashed onto lower leaves during rain or overhead watering",
"High humidity and poor air circulation around plants",
"Infected plant debris left in garden from previous season",
"Fungal propagules survive in soil and on infected seeds",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected lower leaves as soon as leaf spots appear",
"Apply copper fungicide, chlorothalonil, or sulfur spray every 7-14 days",
"Improve air circulation by thinning dense foliage and pruning lower branches",
"Water at soil level using drip irrigation to keep foliage dry",
"Clean up all fallen leaves and debris around plants",
],
prevention: [
"Space plants adequately for good air movement",
"Avoid overhead watering; use drip irrigation or soaker hoses",
"Mulch around plants with 2-3 inches of organic material to reduce soil splash",
"Remove and dispose of all plant debris at end of season",
"Rotate crops to prevent pathogen buildup in garden soil",
],
},
{
name: "Bacterial Leaf Spot",
sciName: "Xanthomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp.",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small water-soaked spots on leaves that enlarge and turn brown or black",
"Angular lesions bounded by leaf veins, giving a geometric appearance",
"Yellow halos surrounding individual leaf spots",
"Leaf drop and defoliation in severe infections",
"Lesions may also appear on stems, fruit, and flowers",
],
causes: [
"Bacterial pathogens in Xanthomonas or Pseudomonas genera",
"Spread by rain splash, irrigation water, and contaminated hands and tools",
"Warm temperatures (75-90°F) with high humidity and leaf wetness",
"Bacteria enter through stomata or small wounds in leaf tissue",
"Overwinter on infected seeds, plant debris, and volunteer plants",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy heavily infected leaves and plants",
"Apply copper-based bactericide at first sign of disease",
"Improve air circulation through proper spacing and pruning",
"Avoid overhead irrigation; use drip irrigation",
"Rotate with non-host crops for 2-3 years",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified disease-free seed and pathogen-free transplants",
"Apply fixed copper sprays preventively during favorable weather",
"Avoid working among wet plants to prevent bacterial spread",
"Sterilize stakes, cages, and tools between seasons",
"Practice crop rotation with non-host plant families",
],
},
{
name: "Mosaic Virus",
sciName: "Multiple potyviruses, cucumoviruses, tobamoviruses",
type: "viral",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Mottled light and dark green or yellow-green mosaic pattern on leaves",
"Leaf puckering, curling, distortion, or unusual narrowing of leaf blades",
"Stunted plant growth with shortened internodes and reduced vigor",
"Yellowing along leaf veins (vein clearing) or intervenal chlorosis",
"Fruit may have mottling, streaking, ringspots, or reduced size and quality",
],
causes: [
"Virus particles transmitted by insect vectors including aphids, thrips, and whiteflies",
"Mechanical transmission through contaminated hands, tools, and clothing",
"Use of infected propagation material including cuttings, tubers, bulbs, and seeds",
"Virus survival in perennial weed hosts and wild reservoir plants",
],
treatment: [
"No cure available — remove and destroy infected plants immediately upon detection",
"Decontaminate tools, pots, and work surfaces with 10% bleach or trisodium phosphate",
"Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling infected plants",
"Control insect vectors using reflective mulches, row covers, and appropriate insecticides",
"Remove weeds and alternate host plants that may serve as virus reservoirs",
],
prevention: [
"Purchase certified virus-free seed and transplants from reputable sources",
"Use reflective plastic mulches to repel aphids during early growth",
"Isolate new plants for a 2-week quarantine period before introducing to garden",
"Remove and destroy any symptomatic plants promptly",
"Rotate out of susceptible crops for at least 2 growing seasons",
],
},
{
name: "Wilt (Fusarium or Verticillium)",
sciName: "Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Yellowing and wilting of lower leaves, progressing upward on one side of plant",
"Vascular tissue in stem shows brown or dark discoloration when cut lengthwise",
"Stunting and overall plant decline with reduced leaf size and vigor",
"Wilting that is more severe during hot afternoons with some recovery overnight",
"Eventual death of the entire plant as vascular system becomes blocked",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne fungal pathogens invading through root tips and wounds",
"Fungi survive in soil for many years as resistant structures",
"Spread by contaminated soil, water, tools, and infected transplants",
"Warm soil temperatures (75-85°F) favor Fusarium; cooler soils (70-75°F) favor Verticillium",
"Root-knot nematode damage increases susceptibility to wilt pathogens",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants including as much root system as possible",
"Solarize contaminated soil by covering with clear plastic for 4-6 weeks in summer",
"Do not replant susceptible crops in infested soil for 5-7 years",
"No fungicide is effective once plants show symptom",
"Graft susceptible varieties onto resistant rootstocks",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties (look for F, V, or F1/V1 resistance codes)",
"Practice long crop rotation (5-7 years) with non-host crops",
"Use raised beds to improve soil drainage",
"Control root-knot nematodes that predispose plants to wilts",
"Sterilize garden tools and avoid moving contaminated soil",
],
},
{
name: "Root-Knot Nematode",
sciName: "Meloidogyne spp.",
type: "environmental",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Stunted plant growth with yellowing and wilting during hot weather",
"Swollen galls or knots on root system visible when plants are carefully dug up",
"Plants fail to respond to water and fertilizer applications",
"Reduced yield with smaller fruit, tubers, or grain heads",
"Root system becomes deformed, branched, and unable to take up water and nutrients",
],
causes: [
"Microscopic roundworms (nematodes) in the genus Meloidogyne feeding on root tissue",
"Introduction through infected plants, soil on tools, or contaminated irrigation water",
"Nematodes spread by water movement, equipment, and infected plant material",
"Warm sandy soils with low organic matter favor nematode reproduction and damage",
"Continuous cropping of susceptible hosts increases population levels",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy severely infected plants including entire root system and surrounding soil",
"Solarize soil by covering with clear plastic tarp for 6-8 weeks during hottest summer months",
"Incorporate large quantities of organic matter to promote beneficial soil microorganisms",
"Plant marigolds (Tagetes erecta or T. patula) as a biofumigant cover crop for one season",
"Apply neem-based soil amendments to suppress nematode populations",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified nematode-free transplants grown in sterile potting mix",
"Practice crop rotation with non-host crops (grains, grasses) for 3-5 years",
"Choose resistant plant varieties when available (look for N designation)",
"Solarize soil before planting in known infested areas",
"Clean soil off all tools and equipment between garden areas",
],
},
{
name: "Sunscald",
sciName: "Physiological disorder — heat and light stress",
type: "environmental",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Bleached, papery white or tan patches on fruits and leaves exposed to intense direct sunlight",
"Soft, sunken, wrinkled tissue on the sun-exposed side of fruit",
"Affected tissue becomes thin, dry, and may crack or split open",
"Secondary fungal or bacterial infection often follows sunscald damage",
"On trees: cracked, peeling, or sunken bark on south or southwest-facing trunks",
],
causes: [
"Intense direct sunlight and high temperatures causing tissue damage and cell death",
"Insufficient foliage cover to shade developing fruit",
"Heavy or late-season pruning exposing previously shaded fruit to direct sun",
"Removal of shade from nearby trees, structures, or row covers",
"Sudden transplanting to full sun without proper hardening off",
],
treatment: [
"Provide temporary shade using shade cloth (30-50%), row cover, or lattice",
"Avoid removing leaves that provide natural shade to fruit during hot periods",
"Affected fruit will not heal — remove sunburned fruit to reduce plant stress",
"Apply 2-3 inches of organic mulch to moderate soil temperature and moisture",
"For tree trunk sunscald, wrap trunk with white commercial tree wrap or paint with diluted white latex paint",
],
prevention: [
"Maintain adequate foliage to shade fruit (avoid heavy pruning before hot weather)",
"Plant with proper spacing to allow natural canopy shade development",
"Use shade cloth during extreme heat events",
"Apply white tree wrap or whitewash to young tree trunks in sunny climates",
"Gradually acclimate transplants to full sun over 7-10 days",
],
},
{
name: "Blossom End Rot",
sciName: "Physiological disorder — calcium deficiency in fruit",
type: "environmental",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small water-soaked spot at blossom end of fruit that enlarges and darkens over time",
"Brown to black sunken leathery lesion on the bottom (distal end) of fruit",
"Lesion may become colonized by secondary fungi, turning black and fuzzy",
"Affected area grows as the fruit expands, ruining marketability",
"Multiple fruits on the same plant are often affected simultaneously",
],
causes: [
"Calcium deficiency in developing fruit due to inconsistent water availability",
"Fluctuating soil moisture levels preventing calcium uptake and transport through plant",
"Excessive nitrogen fertilization promoting rapid foliage growth at expense of fruit",
"Root damage, restriction, or poor soil structure limiting root exploration and calcium absorption",
"High soil salinity or ammonium-based fertilizers interfering with calcium uptake",
],
treatment: [
"Maintain consistent soil moisture with regular watering of 1-2 inches per week",
"Apply 2-3 inches of organic mulch to moderate soil moisture fluctuations",
"Test soil pH and adjust to 6.2-6.8 for optimal calcium availability",
"Switch to calcium-based fertilizer (calcium nitrate) instead of high-nitrogen formulas",
"Remove affected fruit so plant redirects energy to healthy developing fruit",
],
prevention: [
"Water consistently using drip irrigation with timer for regularity",
"Maintain even soil moisture with generous organic mulch layer",
"Test soil pH before planting and amend with lime if below 6.0",
"Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers that promote foliage over fruit development",
"Ensure adequate rooting depth by preparing soil to 12-18 inches deep",
],
},
{
name: "Nutrient Deficiency (General)",
sciName: "Various macro and micronutrient deficiencies",
type: "environmental",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves, often in specific patterns depending on deficient nutrient",
"Stunted growth with reduced leaf size and shortened internodes",
"Poor fruit set, flower drop, or small misshapen fruit",
"Leaf margin necrosis (scorching) or interveinal chlorosis",
"Overall reduced vigor and delayed maturity",
],
causes: [
"Insufficient levels of essential plant nutrients in soil or growing medium",
"Soil pH outside optimal range for nutrient availability (most nutrients available at pH 6.0-7.0)",
"Poor root health limiting nutrient uptake despite adequate soil levels",
"Excessive leaching of nutrients from sandy soils or overwatering",
"Soil compaction or poor aeration restricting root growth",
],
treatment: [
"Conduct professional soil test to identify specific nutrient deficiencies and pH",
"Apply balanced fertilizer appropriate for the specific crop and identified deficiencies",
"Adjust soil pH using lime (to raise) or sulfur (to lower) based on test results",
"Use foliar nutrient sprays for rapid correction of micronutrient deficiencies",
"Improve soil organic matter content through compost incorporation",
],
prevention: [
"Test soil before planting and amend to recommended nutrient levels",
"Use balanced slow-release fertilizer according to crop requirements",
"Maintain proper soil pH for the specific crop being grown",
"Incorporate compost or well-rotted manure annually",
"Practice crop rotation to prevent depletion of specific nutrients",
],
},
{
name: "Overwatering Damage (Edema)",
sciName: "Physiological disorder — excess water uptake",
type: "environmental",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Small blister-like bumps or corky growths on undersides of leaves",
"White to tan raised lesions that become brown and corky with age",
"Leaf curling, yellowing, and premature leaf drop",
"Root decay and foul odor from waterlogged soil",
"Wilting despite wet soil due to damaged root system",
],
causes: [
"Excessive soil moisture preventing proper oxygen exchange at roots",
"Poorly draining soil or containers without drainage holes",
"Watering too frequently without allowing soil to dry between waterings",
"High humidity combined with cool temperatures reducing transpiration",
"Compact soil structure that holds water for extended periods",
],
treatment: [
"Allow soil to dry out completely before watering again",
"Improve drainage by repotting with fresh well-draining mix or amending garden soil",
"Remove severely damaged leaves to reduce water demand",
"Increase air circulation around plants with fans or spacing",
"Reduce watering frequency appropriate for the specific plant species and season",
],
prevention: [
"Use well-draining potting mix and containers with drainage holes",
"Water only when top 1-2 inches of soil are dry",
"Choose plants appropriate for the existing light and humidity conditions",
"Use pots with good drainage and avoid letting plants sit in standing water",
"Learn specific watering needs for each plant species",
],
},
{
name: "Herbicide Injury",
sciName: "Chemical injury — herbicide drift or residue",
type: "environmental",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Cupping, curling, or twisting of leaves and new growth",
"Yellowing or bleaching of leaf veins and interveinal tissue",
"Stunted growth with thickened, brittle stems and leaves",
"Leaf distortion with narrow, strappy appearance (hormone herbicide damage)",
"Reduced fruit set, flower abortion, or misshapen fruit",
],
causes: [
"Drift of herbicide spray from nearby lawns, fields, or right-of-way treatments",
"Volatilization of hormone-type herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba) moving as vapor",
"Herbicide residues in compost, manure, or contaminated irrigation water",
"Contaminated spray equipment used for fertilizer or pesticide applications",
"Residual herbicides in soil from previous growing season",
],
treatment: [
"Remove severely affected plant parts that show distortion",
"Water deeply to help leach soil-active herbicides from root zone",
"Apply activated charcoal to soil surface to absorb certain herbicides",
"Support plant health with proper water and balanced fertilizer",
"Most herbicide injuries are not fatal — plants often recover if new growth is unaffected",
],
prevention: [
"Do not apply herbicides near desirable plants on windy days",
"Use dedicated spray equipment for herbicides, separate from other chemicals",
"Use low-volatility herbicide formulations when possible",
"Maintain buffer zones between treated areas and gardens",
"Avoid using herbicide-treated grass clippings in garden compost",
],
},
{
name: "Sooty Mold",
sciName: "Capnodium spp., various saprophytic fungi",
type: "fungal",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Black, powdery or crusty fungal growth coating upper surfaces of leaves and stems",
"Growth is superficial and can be wiped off with a damp cloth",
"Underneath sooty mold, leaves may be sticky from honeydew secretions",
"Reduced photosynthesis due to blocked sunlight on leaf surfaces",
"Presence of ants farming sap-feeding insects that produce honeydew",
],
causes: [
"Fungi growing on honeydew produced by sap-feeding insects (aphids, scale, whiteflies, mealybugs)",
"Insect infestation on plants providing continuous honeydew supply",
"Fungal spores airborne and germinating on honeydew-coated surfaces",
"Underlying insect problem not being addressed",
],
treatment: [
"Wash sooty mold off leaves with a strong spray of water or mild soap solution",
"Identify and control the underlying sap-feeding insect infestation",
"Apply horticultural oil or insecticidal soap to control insects",
"For heavy mold, use neem oil spray that both smothers mold and controls insects",
"Prune out heavily infested branches to reduce insect populations",
],
prevention: [
"Monitor plants regularly for sap-feeding insects",
"Control ant populations that protect honeydew-producing insects",
"Maintain plant health to resist insect infestations",
"Encourage beneficial insects (ladybugs, lacewings) that prey on aphids and scale",
"Inspect new plants for insects before bringing them into garden",
],
},
{
name: "Canker (Stem/Branch)",
sciName:
"Various fungal and bacterial genera including Cytospora, Botryosphaeria, Nectria, Pseudomonas",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Sunken, discolored, cracked, or dead areas (cankers) on stems, branches, or trunk",
"Bark may split open around infected area revealing discolored wood underneath",
"Reddish or amber-colored gum or ooze exuding from cankers on stone fruits",
"Dieback of branches, shoots, or entire limbs beyond the canker location",
"Leaf yellowing, wilting, or premature fall coloring on affected branches",
],
causes: [
"Fungal or bacterial pathogens entering through wounds in bark or branch tissue",
"Mechanical injury from pruning cuts, lawnmowers, string trimmers, or weather damage",
"Environmental stress including drought, frost cracks, sunscald, or nutrient deficiency",
"Infected pruning tools spreading disease from tree to tree between cuts",
"Insect damage creating entry points for canker pathogens",
],
treatment: [
"Prune out infected branches 6-12 inches below visible canker symptoms during dry weather",
"Sterilize all pruning tools with 70% alcohol or 10% bleach solution between every cut",
"For trunk cankers on valuable trees, excise infected bark down to healthy wood with a sharp knife",
"Improve tree vigor through proper watering, fertilization, and mulching",
"No chemical cure exists once canker is established — prevent stress to limit spread",
],
prevention: [
"Avoid wounding bark near soil line with lawnmowers and string trimmers",
"Prune during dormant season to reduce disease spread",
"Make clean pruning cuts at branch collar, not flush with trunk",
"Maintain tree health through proper watering during drought",
"Mulch around trees keeping mulch 2-3 inches away from trunk",
],
},
{
name: "Bacterial Soft Rot",
sciName: "Erwinia carotovora (Pectobacterium carotovorum), Pseudomonas spp.",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Soft, mushy, water-soaked rot of fleshy tissue (tubers, bulbs, stems, fruit)",
"Rot spreads rapidly in warm humid conditions, often within hours",
"Foul odor from decomposing tissue due to secondary bacteria",
"Tissue becomes slimy and collapses into a wet mass",
"Leaves above rot may wilt and turn yellow",
],
causes: [
"Bacteria entering through wounds, mechanical damage, or insect injury",
"Warm temperatures (75-90°F) with high humidity accelerate decay",
"Excess moisture on plant surfaces and in storage",
"Bacteria survive in infected plant debris, soil, and contaminated water",
"Poor ventilation and overcrowding in storage",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy all infected plant parts immediately",
"Discard affected stored produce and improve storage ventilation",
"Avoid harvesting or handling plants when they are wet",
"Apply copper-based bactericide as a protective spray on surrounding plants",
"Cure potatoes and other tubers properly before storage (50-60°F for 10-14 days)",
],
prevention: [
"Handle plants carefully to minimize bruising and wounds during harvest",
"Harvest only when temperatures are cool and plants are dry",
"Provide adequate spacing for air circulation",
"Clean and disinfect storage areas before use",
"Avoid over-application of nitrogen fertilizer",
],
},
{
name: "Downy Mildew (Generic)",
sciName: "Peronospora spp., Plasmopara spp., Bremia spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Pale green to yellow angular spots on upper leaf surfaces bounded by veins",
"White to grayish-purple fuzzy growth on leaf undersides beneath spots",
"Leaf spots turn brown and necrotic as tissue dies",
"Rapid defoliation under favorable conditions (cool, wet weather)",
"Infected flowers and fruit may develop sporulation and rot",
],
causes: [
"Obligate oomycete pathogens with specific host plant preferences",
"Spores spread by wind and water splash from infected plants",
"Cool temperatures (55-70°F) with high humidity and free leaf moisture",
"Overhead irrigation and dense plantings that hold moisture",
"Overwinters in infected plant debris and on volunteer plants",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves and plant parts at first sign",
"Apply fungicide containing mefenoxam, chlorothalonil, or mancozeb",
"Improve air circulation through spacing and pruning",
"Water at soil level early in the day",
"Rotate fungicides with different modes of action to prevent resistance",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Space plants adequately for air movement",
"Avoid overhead watering; use drip irrigation",
"Apply preventive fungicide when conditions favor disease",
"Remove crop debris at end of season",
],
},
{
name: "Viral Leaf Curl",
sciName: "Geminiviridae (Begomovirus spp.), various leaf curl viruses",
type: "viral",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Leaves curl upward or downward with thickened, distorted blades",
"Yellow mosaic or chlorotic patterns between leaf veins",
"Stunted growth with shortened internodes and bushy appearance",
"Reduced fruit set with small, misshapen fruit",
"Leaf veins may become swollen or enations (leaf-like outgrowths) form on veins",
],
causes: [
"Geminiviruses transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent manner",
"High whitefly populations in warm climates favor rapid spread",
"Virus survives in infected weed hosts and volunteer crop plants",
"Movement of infected plant material introduces virus to new areas",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants immediately upon detection",
"Control whitefly populations with insecticides and yellow sticky traps",
"Use reflective mulches (aluminum-coated) to repel whiteflies",
"No cure for infected plants — focus on vector control",
"Remove weed hosts that serve as virus reservoirs",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified virus-free transplants from reputable sources",
"Install reflective plastic mulch before planting",
"Use insect-proof row covers over young plants",
"Maintain weed-free zone around crop area",
"Practice crop isolation from known infected areas",
],
},
{
name: "Lesion Nematode",
sciName: "Pratylenchus spp.",
type: "environmental",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Irregular brown to black lesions on root surfaces visible when washed",
"Stunted plant growth with yellowing foliage that wilts in heat",
"Reduced root system with darkened, decayed areas",
"Plants fail to respond to water and fertilizer",
"Reduced yield and poor quality harvest",
],
causes: [
"Migratory endoparasitic nematodes feeding and reproducing within root tissue",
"Nematodes move through soil to infect new roots",
"Spread by contaminated soil, plants, and equipment",
"Continuous cropping of susceptible hosts increases populations",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants including entire root system",
"Solarize soil with clear plastic for 6-8 weeks in summer",
"Incorporate organic matter to promote beneficial microorganisms",
"Plant nematode-suppressive cover crops (marigolds, rapeseed)",
"Apply neem-based soil amendments",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified nematode-free planting material",
"Practice crop rotation with non-host crops for 2-3 years",
"Clean soil off equipment between fields",
"Maintain high organic matter levels in soil",
"Use resistant varieties when available",
],
},
{
name: "Wood Rot (Decay)",
sciName: "Various basidiomycetes including Fomes, Armillaria, Ganoderma spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Conks (bracket fungi) or mushroom-like fruiting bodies on trunks and branches",
"Wood becomes soft, spongy, stringy, or crumbly when probed",
"Branch dieback and reduced leaf size and vigor",
"Trunk may show sunken or cracked bark areas",
"Tree may fall or break during storms due to structural weakness",
],
causes: [
"Wood-decay fungi entering through wounds in bark or broken branches",
"Poor pruning cuts that fail to heal properly",
"Advanced tree age and declining vigor",
"Soil compaction and root damage limiting tree health",
"Prolonged drought or flooding stress predisposing trees to infection",
],
treatment: [
"Remove dead and dying branches promptly with proper pruning cuts",
"Remove loose bark around decayed areas to expose to air drying",
"For valuable trees, consult a certified arborist for cabling and support",
"Remove and destroy severely infected trees that pose a safety hazard",
"No chemical treatment can cure existing wood rot",
],
prevention: [
"Prune properly at branch collar, leaving no stubs",
"Avoid wounding trunks with lawn equipment",
"Maintain tree vigor with proper watering during drought",
"Remove declining trees before they become safety hazards",
"Plant trees suited to the site conditions",
],
},
{
name: "Physiological Leaf Scorch",
sciName: "Physiological disorder — environmental stress",
type: "environmental",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Brown, dry, dead tissue at leaf margins and tips",
"Tissue death progresses inward between leaf veins",
"Symptoms most severe on side exposed to wind or sun",
"Premature leaf drop in late summer",
"More pronounced on newly transplanted or shallow-rooted plants",
],
causes: [
"Inadequate water uptake to meet transpiration demand",
"Hot, dry, or windy weather increasing water loss from leaves",
"Root damage, restricted root zone, or root disease limiting water absorption",
"Reflected heat from buildings, pavement, or walls",
"Salt damage from deicing salts or excessive fertilization",
],
treatment: [
"Deep water at root zone during dry periods (1-2 inches per week)",
"Apply 2-4 inches of organic mulch to conserve soil moisture and cool roots",
"Provide temporary shade during extreme heat events",
"Prune out severely scorched branches",
"Avoid fertilization during heat stress",
],
prevention: [
"Water deeply and regularly during dry weather",
"Mulch around plants to moderate soil temperature and moisture",
"Plant in locations protected from harsh wind and reflected heat",
"Choose plants adapted to local climate conditions",
"Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization",
],
},
];
// ─── Family-specific disease templates ──────────────────────────────────────
export interface FamilyTemplates {
families: string[]; // Plant families this applies to
templates: DiseaseSpec[]; // Disease templates specific to these families
}
export const FAMILY_TEMPLATES: FamilyTemplates[] = [
// ── Solanaceae (Nightshade) ──────────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Solanaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Early Blight",
sciName: "Alternaria solani",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Dark brown to black spots with concentric rings (target-board pattern) on lower leaves",
"Yellowing of leaf tissue surrounding spots",
"Premature defoliation starting from bottom of plant",
"Dark sunken lesions on stems and fruit near soil line",
"Reduced fruit size and quality",
],
causes: [
"Fungus overwinters in infected plant debris in soil",
"Warm temperatures (75-85°F) with high humidity and leaf wetness",
"Spores spread by splashing rain and overhead irrigation water",
"Nutrient deficiencies, particularly low potassium, weaken plant resistance",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy all severely infected lower leaves immediately — do not compost",
"Apply copper-based fungicide or chlorothalonil spray every 7-14 days",
"Mulch around plants with 2-3 inches of straw to prevent soil splash",
"Improve air circulation through pruning, staking, and proper spacing",
"Switch to drip irrigation to keep foliage dry",
],
prevention: [
"Practice 2-3 year crop rotation with non-Solanaceae crops",
"Water at soil level using drip irrigation, never overhead",
"Space plants 24-36 inches apart for adequate air circulation",
"Choose resistant varieties when available",
"Remove all plant debris at end of season and sanitize stakes and cages",
],
},
{
name: "Late Blight",
sciName: "Phytophthora infestans",
type: "fungal",
severity: "critical",
symptoms: [
"Large irregular dark green to black water-soaked lesions on leaves",
"White fuzzy fungal growth on undersides of leaves in humid conditions",
"Rapid browning and death of entire leaves and stems within days",
"Firm dark brown greasy-looking rot on fruit that penetrates deep into flesh",
"Grayish-white mold growth on stems and petioles",
],
causes: [
"Oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, cause of the Irish Potato Famine",
"Cool wet weather (60-70°F) with prolonged leaf wetness periods",
"Spores blown from infected potato fields or neighboring gardens over many miles",
"Infected seed potatoes and tomato transplants from infected sources",
"Overhead irrigation extending leaf wetness periods beyond 12 hours",
],
treatment: [
"Immediately remove and destroy all infected plant material in sealed bags",
"Apply mancozeb or copper-based fungicide as emergency treatment every 5-7 days",
"Harvest any unaffected fruit immediately and cure indoors at 85°F",
"Reduce humidity around plants through improved air circulation and pruning",
"In severe outbreaks, destroy entire crop to prevent regional spread to other gardens",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties such as 'Mountain Merit', 'Defiant', or 'Iron Lady'",
"Avoid overhead watering entirely — use drip irrigation",
"Do not plant tomatoes near potato fields or gardens with potatoes",
"Monitor local late blight alerts from extension services",
"Apply preventive fungicide sprays starting at flowering in high-risk areas",
],
},
{
name: "Septoria Leaf Spot",
sciName: "Septoria lycopersici",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small circular spots (1/16-1/4 inch) with dark brown borders and tan/gray centers",
"Tiny black specks (pycnidia) visible in center of spots under magnification",
"Yellowing and dropping of older leaves, progressing upward on plant",
"Heavy defoliation leaving only the top few leaves on severely affected plants",
"Reduced fruit set and smaller fruit size due to lost photosynthetic capacity",
],
causes: [
"Hot (75-85°F), humid weather with frequent rain or overhead irrigation",
"Fungal spores splashing from soil where infected debris overwintered",
"Dense plantings that keep foliage wet and reduce air circulation",
"Working among wet plants and spreading spores on hands and tools",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected lower leaves immediately — start from bottom and work up",
"Apply copper fungicide or chlorothalonil spray every 7-14 days, covering both leaf surfaces",
"Mulch heavily (3-4 inches) around base to prevent soil splash onto leaves",
"Improve air circulation through staking, pruning, and adequate spacing",
"Apply broad-spectrum fungicide containing myclobutanil for severe infections",
],
prevention: [
"Rotate crops — do not plant tomatoes, peppers, or potatoes in same bed for 2-3 years",
"Use drip irrigation and avoid wetting foliage",
"Space plants 24-36 inches apart for adequate air circulation",
"Remove all plant debris and sanitize tools at end of season",
"Choose resistant varieties such as 'Juliet', 'Defiant', or 'Phoenix'",
],
},
{
name: "Bacterial Spot",
sciName: "Xanthomonas euvesicatoria",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small, dark, water-soaked spots on leaves that turn brown with yellow halos",
"Irregular, raised, scabby spots on fruit that may have a cracked surface",
"Leaf spots coalesce causing large dead areas and defoliation",
"Spots on stems and petioles similar to those on leaves",
"Severe infection reduces yield and fruit quality",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Xanthomonas euvesicatoria infecting through natural openings and wounds",
"Spread by rain splash, overhead irrigation, and contaminated hands and tools",
"Warm temperatures (75-90°F) with high humidity favor rapid disease development",
"Bacteria survive on infected seed, plant debris, and volunteer plants",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy heavily infected plants — do not compost",
"Apply copper-based bactericide at first sign of disease, repeating every 7-10 days",
"Avoid overhead irrigation; water at soil level with drip irrigation",
"Improve air circulation through staking and pruning",
"Rotate with non-host crops for at least 2 years",
],
prevention: [
"Purchase certified disease-free seed and treated seed when available",
"Use disease-free transplants from reputable sources",
"Apply copper spray preventively during favorable weather periods",
"Avoid working among wet plants when foliage is wet",
"Control solanaceous weeds that may harbor the bacteria",
],
},
{
name: "Bacterial Wilt",
sciName: "Ralstonia solanacearum",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "critical",
symptoms: [
"Sudden wilting of lower leaves followed by rapid wilting of entire plant",
"Vascular tissue in stem shows brown discoloration when cut crosswise",
"White or yellowish bacterial ooze exuding from cut stem when placed in water",
"Plant collapse within days of first symptom appearance",
"No leaf yellowing precedes wilting — leaves remain green initially",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (formerly Pseudomonas solanacearum)",
"Bacteria enter through root tips and wounds in the root system",
"Spread through contaminated soil, irrigation water, and infected transplants",
"Warm soils (80-95°F) and high moisture levels favor disease",
"Bacteria survive for years in soil and infected plant debris",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants immediately — bag and remove from garden",
"Solarize contaminated soil by covering with clear plastic for 4-6 weeks in summer",
"Do not replant susceptible crops in infected area for 3-5 years",
"No chemical cure exists once plants are infected",
"Sterilize all tools and stakes with 10% bleach solution",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified disease-free transplants",
"Practice long crop rotation (3-5 years) with non-Solanaceae crops",
"Plant in well-drained soil and avoid overwatering",
"Control root-knot nematodes that create entry wounds for bacteria",
"Avoid moving soil from infected areas to clean areas",
],
},
{
name: "Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)",
sciName: "Tobacco mosaic virus",
type: "viral",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Light and dark green mottled mosaic pattern on leaves",
"Leaf puckering, distortion, and stunted growth",
"Yellowing along leaf veins in early stages",
"Fruit may develop mottling, uneven ripening, and reduced size",
"Overall stunting and reduced yield",
],
causes: [
"Tobacco mosaic virus — highly stable virus with very broad host range",
"Mechanical transmission through contaminated hands, tools, and clothing",
"Virus survives in cured tobacco products and infected plant debris",
"No insect vector required — spread entirely by mechanical contact",
"Virus remains infectious for decades in dried plant material",
],
treatment: [
"No cure — remove and destroy infected plants as soon as detected",
"Decontaminate tools and hands with 10% bleach or trisodium phosphate solution",
"Wash hands thoroughly with soap after handling plants, especially after smoking",
"Remove and destroy all infected plant material promptly",
"Do not compost infected plants — virus survives in compost",
],
prevention: [
"Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before handling plants",
"Never smoke or use tobacco products near susceptible plants",
"Use dedicated tools for handling plants and sanitize regularly",
"Purchase certified virus-free seed and transplants",
"Remove solanaceous weeds that may serve as virus reservoirs",
],
},
{
name: "Bacterial Canker",
sciName: "Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Wilting of leaflets on one side of leaf or one side of plant",
"Brown streaks on stems and petioles that develop into cankers",
"Bird's-eye spots on fruit — small white spots with dark brown centers",
"Yellowing and browning of leaf margins (scorched appearance)",
"Vascular tissue in stem shows yellowish-brown discoloration",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis",
"Entering through wounds in roots, stems, and leaves",
"Spread by contaminated seed, transplants, and tools",
"Rain splash and overhead irrigation spread bacteria",
"Warm temperatures (75-85°F) favor disease development",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants immediately",
"Disinfect all tools, stakes, and cages with 10% bleach or 70% alcohol",
"No effective chemical treatment once plants are infected",
"Rotate with non-host crops for 3-5 years",
"Use copper sprays preventively on surrounding healthy plants",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified disease-free seed (hot water treated or from reputable source)",
"Purchase transplants only from reputable sources",
"Practice 3-year crop rotation",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Disinfect tools regularly, especially when pruning",
],
},
],
},
// ── Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family) ──────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Cucurbitaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Powdery Mildew (Cucurbits)",
sciName: "Podosphaera xanthii, Erysiphe cichoracearum",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"White powdery fungal growth on upper and lower leaf surfaces",
"Yellowing and browning of leaves starting from older leaves",
"Leaves become brittle, die, and drop prematurely",
"Fruit may be stunted, sunburned, or have poor flavor due to leaf loss",
"Vines may decline prematurely, reducing yield",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogens specific to cucurbits, favored by warm temperatures and high humidity",
"Spores spread by wind and air currents",
"Dense plantings with poor air circulation",
"Shaded conditions reduce plant vigor and increase susceptibility",
],
treatment: [
"Apply sulfur or potassium bicarbonate fungicide at first sign of infection",
"Remove and destroy heavily infected older leaves",
"Improve air circulation through spacing and trellising",
"Apply neem oil or horticultural oil sprays every 7-14 days",
"Use systemic fungicide (myclobutanil) for severe infections",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Space plants adequately for good air movement",
"Avoid overhead watering; use drip irrigation",
"Apply preventive sulfur spray during favorable weather",
"Remove crop debris at end of season",
],
},
{
name: "Downy Mildew (Cucurbits)",
sciName: "Pseudoperonospora cubensis",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Angular yellow to pale green spots on upper leaf surfaces bounded by veins",
"Purple to gray fuzzy growth on corresponding leaf undersides",
"Rapid leaf browning and death (like frost damage)",
"Defoliation can occur within days under favorable conditions",
"Fruit may be sunburned or poorly developed due to leaf loss",
],
causes: [
"Oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis",
"Spores blown in from southern regions annually",
"Cool nights (50-65°F) with high humidity and leaf wetness",
"Overhead irrigation and extended dew periods",
],
treatment: [
"Apply fungicide containing chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or mefenoxam at first sign",
"Remove and destroy infected leaves",
"Improve air circulation and reduce leaf wetness duration",
"Rotate fungicide chemistries to prevent resistance development",
"Apply systemic fungicide containing azoxystrobin for curative action",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Space plants for good air circulation",
"Monitor local disease alerts for timing of first spray",
"Apply preventive fungicide when conditions favor disease",
],
},
{
name: "Angular Leaf Spot (Cucurbits)",
sciName: "Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small water-soaked spots on leaves that expand into angular lesions bounded by veins",
"Lesions turn tan or brown and may fall out, leaving ragged holes",
"White crusty bacterial exudate on spots on leaf undersides in dry weather",
"Water-soaked spots on fruit that become white and cracked",
"Defoliation in severe infections",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans",
"Bacteria enter through stomata and wounds",
"Spread by rain splash, overhead irrigation, and contaminated hands",
"Warm wet weather (75-85°F) favors disease",
"Bacteria survive on infected seed and plant debris",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves and fruit",
"Apply fixed copper bactericide at first sign of disease",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Improve air circulation through spacing and trellising",
"Rotate with non-cucurbit crops for 2 years",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified disease-free seed",
"Practice 2-year crop rotation",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Use drip irrigation to keep foliage dry",
"Remove cucurbit volunteer plants",
],
},
{
name: "Gummy Stem Blight",
sciName: "Didymella bryoniae (Stagonosporopsis spp.)",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Water-soaked lesions on stems at nodes that enlarge and girdle stems",
"Amber-colored gummy ooze exuding from stem cankers",
"Brown to black circular spots on leaves with concentric rings",
"Fruit rot with dark sunken lesions, especially on watermelon",
"Wilt and death of vines beyond canker point",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogen surviving in plant debris and on seed",
"Spores splash-dispersed by rain and overhead irrigation",
"Warm wet weather (65-85°F) with high humidity",
"Overwinters in infected crop debris",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected vines and fruit",
"Apply fungicide containing chlorothalonil or mancozeb",
"Improve air circulation through spacing",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Practice 2-3 year rotation with non-cucurbit crops",
],
prevention: [
"Use disease-free seed or treated seed",
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Practice crop rotation of 2-3 years",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Remove and destroy crop debris immediately after harvest",
],
},
{
name: "Phytophthora Blight (Cucurbits)",
sciName: "Phytophthora capsici",
type: "fungal",
severity: "critical",
symptoms: [
"Rapid wilting of entire plant despite adequate soil moisture",
"Dark water-soaked lesions on stems at soil line with white fungal growth",
"Water-soaked spots on fruit that expand rapidly with white fuzzy growth",
"Complete plant collapse within days",
"Root and crown rot causing plant death",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora capsici",
"Spread by contaminated water, soil movement, and infected transplants",
"Warm wet weather with poorly drained soil",
"Spores swim in water and infect through roots and fruit resting on soil",
"Survives in soil for many years as oospores",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants and fruit immediately",
"Improve soil drainage with raised beds",
"Apply fungicides containing mefenoxam or phosphorous acid preventively",
"Do not plant susceptible crops in infested fields for 5 years",
"Use drip irrigation to keep fruit off wet soil",
],
prevention: [
"Plant in well-drained soil or raised beds",
"Use drip irrigation, avoid overhead irrigation",
"Mulch to prevent fruit contact with soil",
"Rotate with non-solanaceous, non-cucurbit crops for 5 years",
"Purchase certified disease-free transplants",
],
},
],
},
// ── Rosaceae (Rose family) ────────────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Rosaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Fire Blight",
sciName: "Erwinia amylovora",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "critical",
symptoms: [
"Blossoms suddenly wilt and turn brown or black as if scorched by fire",
"Young shoots wilt and bend over at the tip forming a shepherd's crook shape",
"Brown to black bacterial ooze exuding from cankers in wet weather",
"Cankers on branches with sunken, discolored bark",
"Bacteria spread internally killing entire limbs or trees",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Erwinia amylovora infecting through blossoms and new shoots",
"Spread by pollinating insects, rain splash, and contaminated pruning tools",
"Warm moist weather (75-85°F) during bloom favors infection",
"Excessive nitrogen fertilization promoting succulent growth",
"Fire blight can kill mature trees in a single season",
],
treatment: [
"Prune infected branches 12-18 inches below visible cankers during dormant season",
"Sterilize pruning tools with 70% alcohol or 10% bleach between every cut",
"Apply copper-based bactericide or streptomycin during bloom for preventive control",
"Remove and destroy severely infected trees to prevent spread",
"No cure exists for cankers that have reached the trunk or main scaffold limbs",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties and rootstocks (e.g. 'Liberty', 'Enterprise' apples)",
"Avoid high nitrogen fertilization that promotes succulent growth",
"Prune during dormant season when bacteria are less active",
"Remove fire blight cankers during winter pruning",
"Control sucking insects that can spread bacteria",
],
},
{
name: "Apple Scab",
sciName: "Venturia inaequalis",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Olive green to dark brown velvety spots on leaves and fruit",
"Leaves may become distorted and drop prematurely",
"Fruit spots become dark, scabby, and cracked, reducing marketability",
"Severe infections cause defoliation by midsummer",
"Fruit set reduced on heavily defoliated trees",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Venturia inaequalis specific to apple and crabapple",
"Spores released from infected leaves on ground during spring rains",
"Cool wet weather (55-75°F) during spring green tip through petal fall",
"Extended leaf wetness periods of 9+ hours required for infection",
],
treatment: [
"Rake and destroy fallen leaves in fall to reduce spring spore source",
"Apply fungicide sprays from green tip through petal fall every 7-14 days",
"Use protectant fungicides (captan, mancozeb) or systemic (myclobutanil) as needed",
"Improve air circulation through dormant pruning",
"Apply lime sulfur spray at dormant stage for organic control",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant apple varieties (e.g. 'Liberty', 'Freedom', 'Enterprise')",
"Rake and destroy fallen leaves every autumn",
"Apply preventive fungicide sprays during primary infection period",
"Avoid overhead irrigation that extends leaf wetness",
"Thin canopy through dormant pruning to improve air movement",
],
},
{
name: "Cedar-Apple Rust",
sciName: "Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Bright yellow to orange spots on apple leaves in spring",
"Spots enlarge and develop tiny black dots in center on upper leaf surface",
"Orange cup-like structures develop on leaf undersides in late spring",
"Fruit may develop similar spots that are deformed or drop",
"On cedar: brown, woody galls form that develop orange gelatinous horns in spring rain",
],
causes: [
"Rust fungus requiring both apple and red cedar/juniper to complete life cycle",
"Fungus overwinters as galls on juniper branches",
"Spores infect apple leaves during wet spring weather",
"Wind-dispersed spores can travel up to 2 miles",
],
treatment: [
"Remove visible cedar galls from nearby juniper trees during winter",
"Apply fungicides (myclobutanil, mancozeb) on apple every 7-14 days from pink through petal fall",
"Remove red cedar/juniper within 1 mile of apple orchard (rarely practical)",
"Plant resistant apple varieties",
"Rake and destroy fallen apple leaves in autumn",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant apple varieties (e.g. 'Liberty', 'Freedom', 'Red Delicious')",
"Remove cedar galls from nearby junipers before spring",
"Apply fungicide protectant sprays during susceptible period",
"Separate new apple plantings from cedar trees by at least 1 mile",
"Maintain good air circulation through pruning",
],
},
{
name: "Brown Rot (Stone Fruit)",
sciName: "Monilinia fructicola",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Blossom blight: flowers turn brown and collapse, often with sticky ooze",
"Fruit rot: small circular brown spots enlarge rapidly covering whole fruit",
"Grayish-brown powdery spore masses on rotting fruit",
"Fruit mummify and remain attached to tree through winter",
"Twig cankers and dieback of small branches",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Monilinia fructicola infecting through blossoms and fruit wounds",
"Warm wet weather during bloom and before harvest",
"Insect damage to fruit creates entry points",
"Spores spread by wind, rain, and insects",
"Mummified fruit serve as overwintering source",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy mummified fruit from tree and ground after harvest",
"Prune out cankered twigs and branches during winter",
"Apply fungicide at bloom (protectant) and preharvest (systemic)",
"Apply captan, myclobutanil, or propiconazole according to schedule",
"Harvest fruit promptly and handle carefully to avoid bruising",
],
prevention: [
"Remove all mummified fruit during dormant season",
"Prune trees annually for good air circulation",
"Thin fruit to reduce clusters and promote drying",
"Control insects that damage fruit",
"Apply preventive fungicide sprays from bloom through preharvest",
],
},
{
name: "Black Spot (Rose)",
sciName: "Diplocarpon rosae",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Circular black spots with feathery margins on leaves",
"Yellowing of leaf tissue around spots",
"Premature defoliation starting from lower leaves upward",
"Reduced flowering and plant vigor",
"Spots may coalesce causing large blackened areas on leaves",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Diplocarpon rosae specific to roses",
"Spores splash from soil or infected leaves during rain and irrigation",
"Warm humid weather with leaf wetness over 7 hours",
"Overcrowding and poor air circulation",
"Infected leaves left on ground from previous season",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy all infected leaves and fallen leaf debris",
"Apply fungicide containing chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or myclobutanil every 7-14 days",
"Mulch around roses with 2-3 inches to prevent spore splash",
"Water at soil level early in the day",
"Prune for air circulation and remove diseased canes",
],
prevention: [
"Plant black spot resistant rose varieties",
"Water at soil level early in the day",
"Remove and destroy all rose leaves in fall to reduce spring inoculum",
"Space roses for adequate air circulation",
"Apply dormant lime sulfur spray in late winter",
],
},
],
},
// ── Brassicaceae (Mustard family) ─────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Brassicaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Clubroot",
sciName: "Plasmodiophora brassicae",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Swollen, club-like galls on roots that deform the root system",
"Wilting during hot weather despite adequate soil moisture",
"Stunted growth with yellowing and reddening of leaves",
"Plants fail to thrive and produce small heads or no heads",
"Roots rot at season end, releasing millions of resting spores",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae specific to brassicas",
"Resting spores survive in soil for up to 20 years",
"Spread by contaminated soil, water, and infected transplants",
"Acidic soil (pH below 6.5) favors disease development",
"Warm moist soil conditions promote infection",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants and as many roots as possible",
"Lime soil to raise pH above 7.0 to reduce disease severity",
"Improve soil drainage to reduce infection",
"No chemical cure available once soil is infested",
"Do not plant susceptible crops for 7+ years in infested soil",
],
prevention: [
"Test and lime soil to maintain pH above 6.8",
"Use certified disease-free transplants",
"Practice long crop rotation (5-7 years) with non-brassica crops",
"Avoid moving contaminated soil on tools and equipment",
"Improve soil drainage with raised beds",
],
},
{
name: "Black Rot (Brassicas)",
sciName: "Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"V-shaped yellow lesions starting at leaf margins, pointing toward midvein",
"Blackened veins visible when leaves are held to light",
"Leaves turn brown, dry up, and drop prematurely",
"Yellow to brown discoloration in vascular tissue of stems",
"Heads may be small, discolored, and unmarketable",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris",
"Entering through hydathodes at leaf margins and wounds",
"Spread by contaminated seed, transplants, and irrigation water",
"Warm wet weather (75-85°F) favors rapid spread",
"Bacteria survive in crop debris and cruciferous weeds",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants immediately",
"Rotate with non-brassica crops for 3-5 years",
"Use copper bactericide as preventive spray",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Control cruciferous weeds",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified hot-water treated seed or disease-free seed",
"Practice 3-5 year crop rotation with non-brassicas",
"Plant in well-drained soil",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Remove crop debris promptly after harvest",
],
},
{
name: "Downy Mildew (Brassicas)",
sciName: "Hyaloperonospora parasitica (formerly Peronospora parasitica)",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Yellow to pale green angular spots on upper leaf surfaces",
"White to gray fuzzy growth on leaf undersides beneath spots",
"Spots turn brown and leaves may die",
"Infection may spread to stems and heads",
"Seedlings can be killed by damping off",
],
causes: [
"Oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica",
"Favored by cool moist weather (50-65°F) with high humidity",
"Spores spread by wind and water splash",
"Overwinters in crop debris and on volunteer brassicas",
],
treatment: [
"Apply fungicide containing chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or mefenoxam",
"Improve air circulation through proper spacing",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Remove and destroy infected plant debris",
"Rotate with non-brassica crops for 2-3 years",
],
prevention: [
"Space plants for good air circulation",
"Avoid overhead watering",
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Use well-drained soil and avoid crowding",
"Rotate with non-brassica crops",
],
},
{
name: "Alternaria Leaf Spot (Brassicas)",
sciName: "Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria brassicae",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small circular dark spots on leaves with concentric rings and yellow halos",
"Spots enlarge and coalesce, causing leaf blight and defoliation",
"Dark sunken lesions on stems and seed pods",
"Black sooty mold on infected seed pods",
"Seed infection reduces germination and seedling vigor",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae",
"Spread by infected seed, wind, and rain splash",
"Warm temperatures (65-85°F) with long dew periods",
"Survives on crop debris and cruciferous weeds",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves",
"Apply copper fungicide or chlorothalonil every 7-14 days",
"Improve air circulation and avoid overhead irrigation",
"Rotate with non-brassica crops for 2 years",
"Use hot-water treated seed (122°F for 25 minutes)",
],
prevention: [
"Use disease-free or hot-water treated seed",
"Practice 2-year crop rotation",
"Remove and destroy crop debris",
"Space plants for good air circulation",
"Control cruciferous weeds",
],
},
],
},
// ── Fabaceae (Legume family) ──────────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Fabaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "White Mold (Sclerotinia Rot)",
sciName: "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Water-soaked lesions on stems and branches that become slimy",
"White cottony fungal growth on infected tissue",
"Hard black resting structures (sclerotia) inside stems",
"Sudden wilting and death of branches or entire plants",
"Rot of pods and seeds",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with very broad host range",
"Hard sclerotia survive in soil for 5+ years",
"Cool moist weather (55-70°F) during flowering favors infection",
"Dense canopy with poor air circulation",
"Spores produced from mushroom-like structures that develop from sclerotia",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants, bagging them to prevent spore spread",
"Improve air circulation through proper spacing",
"Apply fungicide containing boscalid, thiophanate-methyl, or iprodione",
"Deep plow or bury crop debris to bury sclerotia",
"Rotate with non-host crops for 5 years",
],
prevention: [
"Use wide row spacing for good air circulation",
"Avoid irrigation during flowering if possible",
"Rotate with grasses and grains for 5+ years",
"Use disease-free seed",
"Bury crop debris with deep tillage",
],
},
{
name: "Bacterial Blight (Common/ Halo)",
sciName: "Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Water-soaked spots on leaves that become brown and necrotic",
"Yellow-green halos surrounding spots (halo blight)",
"Reddish-brown streaks on stems and pods",
"Water-soaked spots on pods that become reddish-brown",
"Seed infection with shriveled or discolored seed",
],
causes: [
"Bacterial pathogens specific to beans and other legumes",
"Spread by contaminated seed, rain splash, and irrigation water",
"Warm temperatures (75-90°F) with high humidity",
"Bacteria enter through stomata and wounds",
"Survive in infected seed and crop debris",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy severely infected plants",
"Apply fixed copper bactericide at first sign",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Do not work among wet plants",
"Rotate with non-legume crops for 2-3 years",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified disease-free seed",
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Practice 2-3 year crop rotation",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Remove crop debris promptly after harvest",
],
},
{
name: "Bean Rust",
sciName: "Uromyces appendiculatus",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Small white spots that develop into reddish-brown powdery pustules on leaf undersides",
"Yellow halos surrounding pustules on upper leaf surfaces",
"Pustules may also appear on stems and pods",
"Leaves turn yellow, dry up, and drop prematurely",
"Severe infections can completely defoliate plants",
],
causes: [
"Rust fungus Uromyces appendiculatus specific to beans",
"Spores spread by wind over long distances",
"Free moisture (dew, rain) on leaves required for infection",
"Moderate temperatures (60-80°F) with high humidity",
"Overwinters on infected crop debris and volunteer plants",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves at first sign",
"Apply sulfur, chlorothalonil, or myclobutanil fungicide every 7-14 days",
"Improve air circulation through trellising",
"Avoid overhead watering",
"Use drip irrigation",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties",
"Space plants for adequate air circulation",
"Avoid overhead irrigation",
"Remove crop debris at end of season",
"Practice crop rotation with non-legume crops",
],
},
{
name: "Charcoal Rot",
sciName: "Macrophomina phaseolina",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Grayish discoloration on stems and roots that becomes dark gray to black",
"Numerous tiny black specks (microsclerotia) on lower stems resembling charcoal dust",
"Sudden wilting and death of plants under heat stress",
"Root and lower stem tissue becomes dry, shredded, and gray",
"Internal stem tissue shows reddish-brown discoloration",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina with over 500 host species",
"Survives in soil and crop debris as microsclerotia for many years",
"High soil temperatures (85-95°F) and drought stress favor disease",
"Enters through roots and colonizes vascular tissue",
"Spread by contaminated soil, infected plant material, and equipment",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants and root systems",
"Irrigate during hot dry weather to reduce heat stress",
"Improve soil organic matter to increase water holding capacity",
"Rotate with non-host crops (grasses) for 3-5 years",
"No effective fungicide treatment once symptoms appear",
],
prevention: [
"Maintain adequate soil moisture during hot weather",
"Use irrigation to reduce heat stress",
"Rotate with grain crops for 3-5 years",
"Add organic matter to soil to improve moisture retention",
"Plant tolerant varieties when available",
],
},
],
},
// ── Poaceae (Grass family) ────────────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Poaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Stem Rust (Cereals)",
sciName: "Puccinia graminis",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Large reddish-brown oval pustules on stems, leaves, and heads",
"Pustules may merge forming elongated lesions on stems",
"Rust-colored spores rub off easily on hands and clothing",
"Stems weaken and may lodge (fall over) under grain weight",
"Severely infected plants produce shriveled grain",
],
causes: [
"Rust fungus Puccinia graminis with multiple formae speciales for specific cereal hosts",
"Spores blown over long distances by wind",
"Free moisture required for spore germination on plant surfaces",
"Moderate temperatures (60-80°F) with high humidity",
"Overwinters in warmer climates on volunteer plants or alternate hosts",
],
treatment: [
"Apply fungicide containing azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, or propiconazole at first sign",
"Plant resistant varieties to prevent need for treatment",
"Fungicide timing is critical — apply at flag leaf emergence or first pustules",
"Rotate fungicide chemistries to prevent resistance",
"Destroy volunteer grain and alternate host (barberry) plants",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties with known Sr resistance genes",
"Eradicate common barberry (alternate host) in areas where it grows",
"Delay planting to avoid peak spore periods",
"Use crop rotation with non-cereal crops",
"Monitor extension disease forecasts",
],
},
{
name: "Fusarium Head Blight (Scab)",
sciName: "Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae)",
type: "fungal",
severity: "critical",
symptoms: [
"Premature bleaching of spikelets on wheat and barley heads",
"Pinkish-orange fungal growth at base of infected spikelets",
"Infected grain shriveled, lightweight, and chalky (tombstone kernels)",
"Reduced yield and test weight",
"Grain contaminated with mycotoxins (DON/deoxynivalenol) toxic to humans and livestock",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Fusarium graminearum infecting during flowering",
"Warm wet weather (80-85°F with rain) during anthesis (flowering) period",
"Spores produced on crop residue (corn stalks, wheat straw) on soil surface",
"Spores splash-dispersed upward onto heads during rain",
"No-till farming increases inoculum levels on surface residue",
],
treatment: [
"Apply fungicide (tebuconazole, metconazole, prothioconazole) at early flowering (Feekes 10.5.1)",
"Timing is critical — must be applied before infection occurs",
"Harvest early and dry grain below 15% moisture",
"Clean grain to remove lightweight infected kernels",
"Test grain for DON mycotoxin levels before feeding to livestock",
],
prevention: [
"Plant moderately resistant varieties",
"Rotate with non-host crops (soybean, alfalfa) for at least 1 year",
"Bury crop residue with tillage to speed decomposition",
"Avoid planting wheat after corn in high-risk areas",
"Monitor Fusarium head blight risk models from extension services",
],
},
{
name: "Powdery Mildew (Cereals)",
sciName: "Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (wheat), f. sp. hordei (barley)",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"White to gray powdery fungal growth on leaf blades, sheaths, and heads",
"Yellow chlorotic spots develop under fungal growth",
"Leaves turn brown and die prematurely",
"Reduced tillering, head size, and grain fill",
"Severe infections can cause significant yield loss (10-40%)",
],
causes: [
"Formae speciales of Blumeria graminis specific to cereal hosts",
"Overwinters as mycelium on living leaves in mild climates",
"Moderate temperatures (55-75°F) with high humidity",
"Dense canopy with reduced air circulation",
"High nitrogen fertilization increases susceptibility",
],
treatment: [
"Apply fungicide containing triazole (tebuconazole, propiconazole) or strobilurin at flag leaf emergence",
"Apply at first sign of infection on lower leaves",
"Rotate fungicide chemistries to prevent resistance",
"Reduce nitrogen rate if disease is severe",
"Plant resistant varieties",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant varieties with known Pm resistance genes",
"Use balanced nitrogen fertilization",
"Practice crop rotation with non-cereal crops",
"Avoid dense planting that reduces air circulation",
"Scout fields regularly during favorable weather",
],
},
],
},
// ── Araceae (Arum family / Houseplants) ──────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Araceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Bacterial Leaf Spot (Aroids)",
sciName: "Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae, Pseudomonas spp.",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Water-soaked, angular lesions on leaves that turn yellow then brown",
"Lesions may have a yellow halo surrounding the necrotic center",
"Leaf spots coalesce, causing large blighted areas",
"Soft rot of stems and petioles in advanced stages",
"Foul odor from rotting tissue in severe cases",
],
causes: [
"Bacterial pathogens entering through wounds or leaf damage",
"Spread by contaminated pruning tools, splashing water, and handling",
"Warm humid conditions with poor air circulation",
"Overhead watering that keeps leaves wet for extended periods",
"Bacteria survive on infected plant debris and contaminated pots",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves with sterilized scissors",
"Avoid overhead watering; water at soil level",
"Improve air circulation around plants",
"Apply copper-based bactericide as a foliar spray",
"Isolate infected plants from healthy ones",
],
prevention: [
"Use sterile potting mix for all plantings",
"Water at soil level, not on leaves",
"Provide good air circulation through spacing",
"Sterilize pruning tools between plants with alcohol",
"Inspect new plants and quarantine for 2 weeks before introducing",
],
},
{
name: "Root Rot (Aroids/Overwatering)",
sciName: "Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Rhizoctonia solani",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Yellowing leaves starting from lower leaves, progressing upward",
"Brown, mushy, or slimy roots that disintegrate easily",
"Dark brown to black discoloration of stem base",
"Wilting despite wet soil due to damaged root system",
"Stunted growth with small, pale leaves",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne fungi favored by overwatering and poor drainage",
"Heavy potting soil that retains too much moisture",
"Pots without adequate drainage holes",
"Watering too frequently for the light and temperature conditions",
"Cold temperatures combined with wet soil",
],
treatment: [
"Remove plant from pot and trim away all mushy, brown roots",
"Treat remaining roots with fungicide dip or hydrogen peroxide solution",
"Repot in fresh sterile potting mix with added perlite for drainage",
"Reduce watering frequency significantly",
"Place in brighter location with better air circulation",
],
prevention: [
"Use well-draining potting mix appropriate for aroids",
"Use containers with drainage holes",
"Water only when top 1-2 inches of soil are dry",
"Avoid letting pots sit in standing water",
"Provide adequate light for the specific plant species",
],
},
{
name: "Fungal Leaf Spot (Aroids)",
sciName: "Colletotrichum spp., Cercospora spp., Phyllosticta spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"Small circular to irregular spots on leaves that enlarge with time",
"Spots may have tan centers with dark brown or purple borders",
"Yellow halos surrounding individual spots",
"Spots may have small black fruiting bodies visible in the center",
"Leaves become unsightly with reduced photosynthetic area",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogens common in indoor environments",
"Spread by water splash, contaminated tools, or handling",
"High humidity with poor air circulation",
"Overhead watering that keeps leaves wet",
"Dust accumulation on leaves may promote infection",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves with sterilized scissors",
"Improve air circulation around plants",
"Reduce leaf wetness by watering at soil level",
"Apply copper fungicide or neem oil spray to remaining leaves",
"Wipe leaves with mild soap solution to reduce surface pathogens",
],
prevention: [
"Water at soil level, avoiding leaf wetting",
"Provide good air circulation",
"Wipe leaves periodically to remove dust and potential pathogens",
"Quarantine new plants before introducing them",
"Use sterile potting mix",
],
},
],
},
// ── Succulents / Cactaceae / Crassulaceae / Asphodelaceae ─────────────
{
families: ["Cactaceae", "Crassulaceae", "Asphodelaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Stem Rot (Succulents)",
sciName: "Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp.",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Soft, mushy, discolored areas at base of stem or on pads",
"Brown to black rot that spreads upward from soil line",
"Leaves turn yellow, translucent, and fall off easily",
"Stem collapses and plant topples over",
"Foul odor from rotting tissue in advanced stages",
],
causes: [
"Fungal pathogens entering through wounds or from waterlogged soil",
"Overwatering especially during dormant season",
"Poorly draining potting soil (too organic for succulents)",
"Pots without adequate drainage holes",
"Cold temperatures combined with wet soil",
],
treatment: [
"Remove all rotted tissue immediately with sterilized knife — cut well into healthy tissue",
"Allow cutting to callous over for several days before repotting",
"Repot in fresh sterile succulent/cactus mix with excellent drainage",
"Reduce watering frequency to once every 2-4 weeks",
"Apply rooting hormone and fungicide powder to cut surfaces",
],
prevention: [
"Use extremely well-draining succulent/cactus potting mix",
"Use containers with drainage holes and avoid oversized pots",
"Water only when soil is completely dry (soak and dry method)",
"Reduce watering dramatically during winter dormant period",
"Provide maximum light possible for the species",
],
},
{
name: "Mealybugs (Succulents)",
sciName: "Pseudococcidae family — Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp.",
type: "environmental",
severity: "low",
symptoms: [
"White cottony masses in leaf axils, on stems, and under leaves",
"Sticky honeydew on leaves and surrounding surfaces",
"Sooty mold growing on honeydew",
"Stunted growth and distorted new growth",
"Ants attracted to honeydew may protect mealybugs",
],
causes: [
"Sap-feeding insects introduced on new plants or by ants",
"Overfertilization with nitrogen promoting soft growth",
"Overcrowding of plants limiting inspection",
"Warm indoor environments favor year-round reproduction",
],
treatment: [
"Remove visible mealybugs with cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol",
"Spray with insecticidal soap or neem oil solution, covering all surfaces",
"For severe infestations, use systemic insecticide (imidacloprid) for ornamentals",
"Isolate infested plants from healthy collection",
"Check and treat plants weekly for at least one month",
],
prevention: [
"Quarantine and inspect all new plants before adding to collection",
"Inspect plants regularly, especially in leaf axils and under leaves",
"Maintain proper growing conditions to keep plants vigorous",
"Prune out heavily infested plant parts",
"Control ant populations that protect mealybugs",
],
},
],
},
// ── Ericaceae (Heath family — blueberries, cranberries, rhododendron) ─
{
families: ["Ericaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Phytophthora Root Rot (Ericaceous)",
sciName: "Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. cactorum",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves starting from older leaves",
"Leaves turn red or bronze in fall coloration pattern during growing season",
"Stunted growth with reduced leaf and shoot size",
"Root system shows brown decay with no fine feeder roots",
"Sudden wilting and plant death in hot weather",
],
causes: [
"Phytophthora species specific to acid-loving plants",
"Poorly drained heavy soils with excess moisture",
"Planting too deeply in heavy clay soils",
"Spread by contaminated irrigation water and nursery stock",
"Fungus survives in soil for many years as oospores",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy severely infected plants",
"Improve soil drainage (raised beds, tile drainage)",
"Apply phosphonate fungicide as foliar spray or trunk injection",
"Do not replant ericaceous plants in same location",
"Amend soil with organic matter to improve drainage",
],
prevention: [
"Plant in well-drained acidic soil or raised beds",
"Use certified disease-free plants from reputable nurseries",
"Plant at correct depth — not too deep",
"Mulch with acidic organic mulch (pine bark, peat moss)",
"Avoid overwatering and standing water near roots",
],
},
{
name: "Mummy Berry (Blueberry)",
sciName: "Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi",
type: "fungal",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Young leaves, shoots, and flowers turn brown and wilt as if frost-damaged",
"Infected berries turn light pink or cream, then tan, and shrivel into mummies",
"Mummified fruit drops or remains attached to clusters through harvest",
"Fuzzy gray fungal growth on mummies in spring",
"Cup-shaped mushroom-like structures (apothecia) develop from mummies on ground",
],
causes: [
"Fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi infecting through flowers and shoot tips",
"Spores produced by apothecia from overwintered mummies on ground",
"Cool wet weather during bloom",
"Continuous cropping and lack of sanitation",
],
treatment: [
"Rake and destroy all mummified fruit from ground and bushes",
"Apply mulch to cover infected mummies on soil surface",
"Apply fungicide (fenbuconazole, propiconazole) at early bloom",
"Cultivate or disk around bushes to bury mummies",
"Remove infected shoots and fruit during season",
],
prevention: [
"Rake or cultivate to bury mummies after leaf drop in fall",
"Apply fresh mulch each year to cover remaining mummies",
"Plant resistant varieties",
"Prune bushes for good air circulation and spray penetration",
"Good sanitation is the most effective control",
],
},
],
},
// ── Asteraceae (Sunflower family) ─────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Asteraceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Sclerotinia Wilt (Asteraceae)",
sciName: "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia minor",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Sudden wilting of leaves followed by collapse of entire plant",
"Water-soaked lesions on stems that become soft and bleached",
"Cottony white fungal growth on infected tissue",
"Hard black sclerotia (resting structures) inside hollow stems",
"Premature ripening and seed head infection",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with very broad host range",
"Survives in soil as hard black sclerotia for 5+ years",
"Cool moist weather (55-70°F) during flowering",
"Dense plant canopy with poor air circulation",
"Spores produced from mushroom-like apothecia that form from sclerotia",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants immediately — bag to prevent spore spread",
"Improve air circulation through proper spacing and thinning",
"Apply fungicide containing iprodione, boscalid, or thiophanate-methyl",
"Avoid overhead irrigation during flowering period",
"Rotate with grasses and grains for 5-8 years",
],
prevention: [
"Use wide row spacing for good air circulation",
"Avoid planting in low areas with poor air drainage",
"Practice long rotation with non-host crops (grasses)",
"Plant resistant varieties when available",
"Bury crop debris with deep tillage",
],
},
{
name: "Aster Yellows",
sciName: "Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris)",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "moderate",
symptoms: [
"Yellowing of leaves, often on one side or one part of the plant",
"Abnormal growth — stunting, excessive branching, or witch's broom",
"Flowers become distorted, green, or show phyllody (leaves where petals should be)",
"Chlorotic vein banding and leaf distortion",
"Plants fail to produce normal flowers or seeds",
],
causes: [
"Phytoplasma transmitted by leafhoppers (especially aster leafhopper)",
"Phytoplasmas are bacteria without cell walls living in plant phloem",
"Leafhoppers acquire phytoplasma from infected wild plants",
"Weedy areas adjacent to gardens serve as phytoplasma reservoirs",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants to reduce leafhopper infection source",
"Control leafhoppers with insecticide applications or row covers",
"No cure for infected plants",
"Remove weed hosts in and around garden",
"Use reflective mulches to repel leafhoppers",
],
prevention: [
"Control leafhoppers with row covers and reflective mulches",
"Remove weeds that serve as pathogen reservoirs",
"Remove symptomatic plants promptly",
"Avoid planting near weedy areas",
"Use insecticide sprays to control leafhopper populations",
],
},
],
},
// ── Lamiaceae (Mint family) ───────────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Lamiaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Downy Mildew (Lamiaceae/Basil)",
sciName: "Peronospora belbahrii",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Yellow to pale green angular patches on upper leaf surfaces between veins",
"Dark gray to purplish fuzzy growth on leaf undersides corresponding to yellow patches",
"Leaves turn brown, curl, and drop from plant",
"Defoliation progresses rapidly from lower to upper leaves",
"Plants may be completely defoliated within days to weeks",
],
causes: [
"Oomycete pathogen Peronospora belbahrii specific to basil and related Lamiaceae",
"Spores blown in from infested growing regions annually",
"Spores require free moisture and cool nights (60-70°F) to infect",
"Overhead irrigation and dense plantings increase disease severity",
"Pathogen survives in infected plant tissue and on contaminated seed",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy all infected plants immediately — do not compost or eat symptomatic leaves",
"Apply fungicide containing copper, mefenoxam, or potassium phosphite preventively",
"Improve air circulation through proper spacing (10-12 inches between plants)",
"Water at soil level, never overhead",
"In severe outbreaks, destroy entire planting and do not replant basil for 2-3 months",
],
prevention: [
"Plant resistant basil varieties ('Rustic', 'Prospera', 'Eleonora')",
"Start seed indoors from known clean sources",
"Space plants 10-12 inches apart for good air circulation",
"Water at soil level using drip irrigation",
"Apply copper fungicide preventively when conditions favor disease (cool nights, leaf wetness)",
],
},
{
name: "Basil Fusarium Wilt",
sciName: "Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilicum",
type: "fungal",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Sudden wilting of individual stems or entire plants",
"Stunted growth with smaller, yellowing leaves",
"Brown or dark streaks visible in vascular tissue of cut stems",
"Leaves may curl, droop, and drop",
"Uneven growth and plant death as disease progresses",
],
causes: [
"Soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilicum specific to basil",
"Fungus enters through roots and colonizes vascular system",
"Survives in soil for 8-12+ years as resistant chlamydospores",
"Spread by contaminated soil, seed, and infected transplants",
"Warm soil temperatures (75-85°F) favor disease development",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected plants including as many roots as possible",
"Do not plant basil, mint, or other Lamiaceae in infested soil for 10+ years",
"Solarize soil with clear plastic for 6-8 weeks in summer",
"No chemical cure available once plant is infected",
"Use fresh sterile potting mix for new basil plantings",
],
prevention: [
"Use Fusarium-resistant basil varieties ('Nufar', 'Flamingo', 'Amazel')",
"Purchase seed and transplants from reliable sources",
"Use sterile potting mix for containers",
"Practice 10-year rotation with non-Lamiaceae",
"Clean tools and pots thoroughly between plantings",
],
},
],
},
// ── Rutaceae (Citrus family) ──────────────────────────────────────────
{
families: ["Rutaceae"],
templates: [
{
name: "Citrus Canker",
sciName: "Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "high",
symptoms: [
"Raised, corky, brown lesions with water-soaked margins on leaves, stems, and fruit",
"Lesions are often surrounded by a yellow halo",
"Lesions become brown and scabby with crater-like centers",
"Premature leaf and fruit drop reduces yield",
"Fruit with canker lesions is unmarketable",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri entering through stomata and wounds",
"Spread by rain splash, wind-driven rain, and contaminated equipment",
"Spread by leafminer damage creating wound sites",
"Tropical storms and hurricanes can spread bacteria over long distances",
"Warm wet weather favors disease development",
],
treatment: [
"Remove and destroy infected leaves, branches, and fruit",
"Apply copper-based bactericide every 14-21 days during susceptible periods",
"Control citrus leafminer to reduce wound sites for infection",
"Prune to improve air circulation and reduce canopy wetness",
"In areas under quarantine, follow regulatory requirements",
],
prevention: [
"Plant certified disease-free nursery stock",
"Apply protective copper sprays before predicted rain events",
"Control citrus leafminer with appropriate insecticides",
"Do not move citrus plant material from quarantine areas",
"Maintain windbreaks to reduce spread by wind-driven rain",
],
},
{
name: "Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening)",
sciName: "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus",
type: "bacterial",
severity: "critical",
symptoms: [
"Yellowing of leaves in an asymmetric mottled pattern",
"Veins may become yellow or corky on leaves",
"Fruit remains small, misshapen, and green at bottom (color inversion)",
"Fruit has bitter, salty, unpleasant taste and is unmarketable",
"Progressive tree decline and death within 5-10 years",
],
causes: [
"Bacterium spread by Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri)",
"Bacteria colonize phloem tissue, blocking nutrient transport",
"Long incubation period (1-3 years) before symptoms appear",
"No cure exists — infected trees decline and die",
"Disease has devastated citrus in Florida, Brazil, and Asia",
],
treatment: [
"Remove infected trees immediately to reduce spread to healthy trees",
"Control Asian citrus psyllid with rigorous insecticide program",
"No cure for infected trees — management focuses on vector control",
"Use systemic insecticides for psyllid control",
"Under quarantine regulation in affected areas",
],
prevention: [
"Use certified disease-free nursery stock",
"Maintain rigorous psyllid control program",
"Do not bring citrus plants from quarantine areas",
"Monitor for psyllids with sticky traps",
"Remove and destroy abandoned citrus trees that harbor psyllids",
],
},
],
},
];
// ─── Helper ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
export function getTemplatesForFamily(family: string): DiseaseSpec[] {
const result: DiseaseSpec[] = [];
for (const ft of FAMILY_TEMPLATES) {
if (ft.families.includes(family)) {
result.push(...ft.templates);
}
}
return result;
}
export function slugify(s: string): string {
return s
.toLowerCase()
.replace(/[^a-z0-9\s-]/g, "")
.replace(/\s+/g, "-")
.replace(/-+/g, "-")
.trim()
.replace(/^-|-$/g, "");
}
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