turns out - vision framework aint good enough for this

Gaze/AppDelegate.swift

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ class AppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate, ObservableObject {
     private var updateManager: UpdateManager?
     private var overlayReminderWindowController: NSWindowController?
     private var subtleReminderWindowController: NSWindowController?
-    private var settingsWindowController: NSWindowController?
     private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()
     private var hasStartedTimers = false
 
@@ -271,120 +270,29 @@ class AppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate, ObservableObject {
         subtleReminderWindowController = nil
     }
 
-    // Public method to open settings window
     func openSettings(tab: Int = 0) {
-        // Post notification to close menu bar popover
-        NotificationCenter.default.post(name: Notification.Name("CloseMenuBarPopover"), object: nil)
+        handleMenuDismissal()
 
-        // Dismiss overlay reminders to prevent them from blocking settings window
-        // Overlay reminders are at .floating level which would sit above settings
-        dismissOverlayReminder()
-
-        // Small delay to allow menu bar to close before opening settings
         DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.1) { [weak self] in
-            self?.openSettingsWindow(tab: tab)
+            guard let self else { return }
+            SettingsWindowPresenter.shared.show(settingsManager: self.settingsManager, initialTab: tab)
         }
     }
 
-    // Public method to reopen onboarding window
     func openOnboarding() {
-        NotificationCenter.default.post(name: Notification.Name("CloseMenuBarPopover"), object: nil)
-
-        // Dismiss overlay reminders to prevent blocking onboarding window
-        dismissOverlayReminder()
+        handleMenuDismissal()
 
         DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 0.1) { [weak self] in
-            guard let self = self else { return }
-
-            if self.activateWindow(withIdentifier: WindowIdentifiers.onboarding) {
-                return
-            }
-
-            let window = NSWindow(
-                contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 700, height: 700),
-                styleMask: [.titled, .closable, .miniaturizable, .fullSizeContentView],
-                backing: .buffered,
-                defer: false
-            )
-
-            window.identifier = WindowIdentifiers.onboarding
-            window.titleVisibility = .hidden
-            window.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
-            window.center()
-            window.isReleasedWhenClosed = true
-            window.contentView = NSHostingView(
-                rootView: OnboardingContainerView(settingsManager: self.settingsManager)
-            )
-
-            window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-            NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+            guard let self else { return }
+            OnboardingWindowPresenter.shared.show(settingsManager: self.settingsManager)
         }
     }
 
-    private func openSettingsWindow(tab: Int) {
-        if let existingWindow = findWindow(withIdentifier: WindowIdentifiers.settings) {
-            NotificationCenter.default.post(
-                name: Notification.Name("SwitchToSettingsTab"),
-                object: tab
-            )
-            existingWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-            NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
-            return
-        }
-
-        let window = NSWindow(
-            contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 700, height: 700),
-            styleMask: [.titled, .closable, .miniaturizable, .resizable, .fullSizeContentView],
-            backing: .buffered,
-            defer: false
-        )
-
-        window.identifier = WindowIdentifiers.settings
-        window.titleVisibility = .hidden
-        window.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
-        window.toolbarStyle = .unified
-        window.toolbar = NSToolbar()
-        window.center()
-        window.setFrameAutosaveName("SettingsWindow")
-        window.isReleasedWhenClosed = false
-
-        window.contentView = NSHostingView(
-            rootView: SettingsWindowView(settingsManager: settingsManager, initialTab: tab)
-        )
-
-        let windowController = NSWindowController(window: window)
-        windowController.showWindow(nil)
-
-        settingsWindowController = windowController
-
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
-
-        NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
-            self,
-            selector: #selector(settingsWindowWillCloseNotification(_:)),
-            name: NSWindow.willCloseNotification,
-            object: window
-        )
+    private func handleMenuDismissal() {
+        NotificationCenter.default.post(name: Notification.Name("CloseMenuBarPopover"), object: nil)
+        dismissOverlayReminder()
     }
 
-    @objc private func settingsWindowWillCloseNotification(_ notification: Notification) {
-        settingsWindowController = nil
-    }
-
-    /// Finds a window by its identifier
-    private func findWindow(withIdentifier identifier: NSUserInterfaceItemIdentifier) -> NSWindow? {
-        return NSApplication.shared.windows.first { $0.identifier == identifier }
-    }
-
-    /// Brings window to front if it exists, returns true if found
-    private func activateWindow(withIdentifier identifier: NSUserInterfaceItemIdentifier) -> Bool {
-        guard let window = findWindow(withIdentifier: identifier) else {
-            return false
-        }
-        window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
-        return true
-    }
 }
 
 // Custom window class that can become key to receive keyboard events

Gaze/Constants/EyeTrackingConstants.swift

@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@
 //  Created by Mike Freno on 1/14/26.
 //
 
+import Combine
 import Foundation
 
-enum EyeTrackingConstants {
+class EyeTrackingConstants: ObservableObject {
+    static let shared = EyeTrackingConstants()
+    
     // MARK: - Logging
     /// Interval between log messages in seconds
     static let logInterval: TimeInterval = 0.5
@@ -15,29 +18,57 @@ enum EyeTrackingConstants {
     // MARK: - Eye Closure Detection
     /// Threshold for eye closure (smaller value means eye must be more closed to trigger)
     /// Range: 0.0 to 1.0 (approximate eye opening ratio)
-    static let eyeClosedThreshold: CGFloat = 0.02
+    @Published var eyeClosedThreshold: CGFloat = 0.02
+    @Published var eyeClosedEnabled: Bool = true
 
     // MARK: - Face Pose Thresholds
     /// Maximum yaw (left/right head turn) in radians before considering user looking away
     /// 0.20 radians ≈ 11.5 degrees (Tightened from 0.35)
-    static let yawThreshold: Double = 0.2
+    /// NOTE: Vision Framework often provides unreliable yaw/pitch on macOS - disabled by default
+    @Published var yawThreshold: Double = 0.3
+    @Published var yawEnabled: Bool = false
 
     /// Pitch threshold for looking UP (above screen).
     /// Since camera is at top, looking at screen is negative pitch.
     /// Values > 0.1 imply looking straight ahead or up (away from screen).
-    static let pitchUpThreshold: Double = 0.1
+    /// NOTE: Vision Framework often doesn't provide pitch data on macOS - disabled by default
+    @Published var pitchUpThreshold: Double = 0.1
+    @Published var pitchUpEnabled: Bool = false
 
     /// Pitch threshold for looking DOWN (at keyboard/lap).
     /// Values < -0.45 imply looking too far down.
-    static let pitchDownThreshold: Double = -0.45
+    /// NOTE: Vision Framework often doesn't provide pitch data on macOS - disabled by default
+    @Published var pitchDownThreshold: Double = -0.45
+    @Published var pitchDownEnabled: Bool = false
 
     // MARK: - Pupil Tracking Thresholds
     /// Minimum horizontal pupil ratio (0.0 = right edge, 1.0 = left edge)
     /// Values below this are considered looking right (camera view)
-    static let minPupilRatio: Double = 0.40
+    /// Tightened to 0.35 based on observed values (typically 0.31-0.47)
+    @Published var minPupilRatio: Double = 0.35
+    @Published var minPupilEnabled: Bool = true
 
     /// Maximum horizontal pupil ratio
     /// Values above this are considered looking left (camera view)
-    /// Tightened from 0.75 to 0.65
-    static let maxPupilRatio: Double = 0.6
+    /// Tightened to 0.45 based on observed values (typically 0.31-0.47)
+    @Published var maxPupilRatio: Double = 0.45
+    @Published var maxPupilEnabled: Bool = true
+    
+    private init() {}
+    
+    // MARK: - Reset to Defaults
+    func resetToDefaults() {
+        eyeClosedThreshold = 0.02
+        eyeClosedEnabled = true
+        yawThreshold = 0.3
+        yawEnabled = false  // Disabled by default - Vision Framework unreliable on macOS
+        pitchUpThreshold = 0.1
+        pitchUpEnabled = false  // Disabled by default - often not available on macOS
+        pitchDownThreshold = -0.45
+        pitchDownEnabled = false  // Disabled by default - often not available on macOS
+        minPupilRatio = 0.35
+        minPupilEnabled = true
+        maxPupilRatio = 0.45
+        maxPupilEnabled = true
+    }
 }

Gaze/Protocols/EnforceModeProviding.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//
+//  EnforceModeProviding.swift
+//  Gaze
+//
+//  Protocol abstraction for EnforceModeService to enable dependency injection and testing.
+//
+
+import Combine
+import Foundation
+
+/// Protocol that defines the interface for enforce mode functionality.
+@MainActor
+protocol EnforceModeProviding: AnyObject, ObservableObject {
+    /// Whether enforce mode is currently enabled
+    var isEnforceModeEnabled: Bool { get }
+    
+    /// Whether the camera is currently active
+    var isCameraActive: Bool { get }
+    
+    /// Whether the user has complied with the break
+    var userCompliedWithBreak: Bool { get }
+    
+    /// Whether we're in test mode
+    var isTestMode: Bool { get }
+    
+    /// Enables enforce mode (may request camera permission)
+    func enableEnforceMode() async
+    
+    /// Disables enforce mode
+    func disableEnforceMode()
+    
+    /// Sets the timer engine reference
+    func setTimerEngine(_ engine: TimerEngine)
+    
+    /// Checks if a break should be enforced for the given timer
+    func shouldEnforceBreak(for timerIdentifier: TimerIdentifier) -> Bool
+    
+    /// Starts the camera for lookaway timer
+    func startCameraForLookawayTimer(secondsRemaining: Int) async
+    
+    /// Stops the camera
+    func stopCamera()
+    
+    /// Checks if user is complying with the break
+    func checkUserCompliance()
+    
+    /// Handles reminder dismissal
+    func handleReminderDismissed()
+    
+    /// Starts test mode
+    func startTestMode() async
+    
+    /// Stops test mode
+    func stopTestMode()
+}
+
+extension EnforceModeService: EnforceModeProviding {}

Gaze/Protocols/SettingsProviding.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//
+//  SettingsProviding.swift
+//  Gaze
+//
+//  Protocol abstraction for SettingsManager to enable dependency injection and testing.
+//
+
+import Combine
+import Foundation
+
+/// Protocol that defines the interface for managing application settings.
+/// This abstraction allows for dependency injection and easy mocking in tests.
+@MainActor
+protocol SettingsProviding: AnyObject, ObservableObject {
+    /// The current application settings
+    var settings: AppSettings { get set }
+    
+    /// Publisher for observing settings changes
+    var settingsPublisher: Published<AppSettings>.Publisher { get }
+    
+    /// Retrieves the timer configuration for a specific timer type
+    func timerConfiguration(for type: TimerType) -> TimerConfiguration
+    
+    /// Updates the timer configuration for a specific timer type
+    func updateTimerConfiguration(for type: TimerType, configuration: TimerConfiguration)
+    
+    /// Returns all timer configurations
+    func allTimerConfigurations() -> [TimerType: TimerConfiguration]
+    
+    /// Saves settings to persistent storage
+    func save()
+    
+    /// Forces immediate save
+    func saveImmediately()
+    
+    /// Loads settings from persistent storage
+    func load()
+    
+    /// Resets settings to default values
+    func resetToDefaults()
+}
+
+/// Extension to provide the publisher for SettingsManager
+extension SettingsManager: SettingsProviding {
+    var settingsPublisher: Published<AppSettings>.Publisher {
+        $settings
+    }
+}

Gaze/Protocols/SmartModeProviding.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//
+//  SmartModeProviding.swift
+//  Gaze
+//
+//  Protocols for Smart Mode services (Fullscreen Detection, Idle Monitoring).
+//
+
+import Combine
+import Foundation
+
+/// Protocol for fullscreen detection functionality
+@MainActor
+protocol FullscreenDetectionProviding: AnyObject, ObservableObject {
+    /// Whether a fullscreen app is currently active
+    var isFullscreenActive: Bool { get }
+    
+    /// Publisher for fullscreen state changes
+    var isFullscreenActivePublisher: Published<Bool>.Publisher { get }
+    
+    /// Forces an immediate state update
+    func forceUpdate()
+}
+
+/// Protocol for idle monitoring functionality
+@MainActor
+protocol IdleMonitoringProviding: AnyObject, ObservableObject {
+    /// Whether the user is currently idle
+    var isIdle: Bool { get }
+    
+    /// Publisher for idle state changes
+    var isIdlePublisher: Published<Bool>.Publisher { get }
+    
+    /// Updates the idle threshold
+    func updateThreshold(minutes: Int)
+    
+    /// Forces an immediate state update
+    func forceUpdate()
+}
+
+// MARK: - Extensions for conformance
+
+extension FullscreenDetectionService: FullscreenDetectionProviding {
+    var isFullscreenActivePublisher: Published<Bool>.Publisher {
+        $isFullscreenActive
+    }
+}
+
+extension IdleMonitoringService: IdleMonitoringProviding {
+    var isIdlePublisher: Published<Bool>.Publisher {
+        $isIdle
+    }
+}

Gaze/Services/EnforceModeService.swift

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class EnforceModeService: ObservableObject {
     private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()
     private var faceDetectionTimer: Timer?
     private var lastFaceDetectionTime: Date = Date.distantPast
-    private let faceDetectionTimeout: TimeInterval = 5.0 // 5 seconds to consider person lost
+    private let faceDetectionTimeout: TimeInterval = 5.0  // 5 seconds to consider person lost
 
     private init() {
         self.settingsManager = SettingsManager.shared
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class EnforceModeService: ObservableObject {
         do {
             try await eyeTrackingService.startEyeTracking()
             isCameraActive = true
-            lastFaceDetectionTime = Date() // Reset grace period
+            lastFaceDetectionTime = Date()  // Reset grace period
             startFaceDetectionTimer()
             print("✓ Camera active")
         } catch {
@@ -168,7 +168,8 @@ class EnforceModeService: ObservableObject {
     private func startFaceDetectionTimer() {
         stopFaceDetectionTimer()
         // Check every 1 second
-        faceDetectionTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1.0, repeats: true) { [weak self] _ in
+        faceDetectionTimer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1.0, repeats: true) {
+            [weak self] _ in
             Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
                 self?.checkFaceDetectionTimeout()
             }
@@ -190,7 +191,9 @@ class EnforceModeService: ObservableObject {
 
         // If person has not been detected for too long, temporarily disable enforce mode
         if timeSinceLastDetection > faceDetectionTimeout {
-            print("⏰ Person not detected for \(faceDetectionTimeout)s. Temporarily disabling enforce mode.")
+            print(
+                "⏰ Person not detected for \(faceDetectionTimeout)s. Temporarily disabling enforce mode."
+            )
             disableEnforceMode()
         }
     }
@@ -213,7 +216,7 @@ class EnforceModeService: ObservableObject {
         do {
             try await eyeTrackingService.startEyeTracking()
             isCameraActive = true
-            lastFaceDetectionTime = Date() // Reset grace period
+            lastFaceDetectionTime = Date()  // Reset grace period
             startFaceDetectionTimer()
             print("✓ Test mode camera active")
         } catch {
@@ -230,3 +233,4 @@ class EnforceModeService: ObservableObject {
         isTestMode = false
     }
 }
+

Gaze/Services/EyeTrackingService.swift

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import AVFoundation
 import Combine
 import Vision
+import simd
 
 @MainActor
 class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
@@ -18,6 +19,16 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
     @Published var userLookingAtScreen = true
     @Published var faceDetected = false
 
+    // Debug properties for UI display
+    @Published var debugLeftPupilRatio: Double?
+    @Published var debugRightPupilRatio: Double?
+    @Published var debugYaw: Double?
+    @Published var debugPitch: Double?
+    @Published var enableDebugLogging: Bool = false
+
+    // Throttle for debug logging
+    private var lastDebugLogTime: Date = .distantPast
+
     private var captureSession: AVCaptureSession?
     private var videoOutput: AVCaptureVideoDataOutput?
     private let videoDataOutputQueue = DispatchQueue(
@@ -116,7 +127,7 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
         self.videoOutput = output
     }
 
-    private func processFaceObservations(_ observations: [VNFaceObservation]?) {
+    private func processFaceObservations(_ observations: [VNFaceObservation]?, imageSize: CGSize) {
         guard let observations = observations, !observations.isEmpty else {
             faceDetected = false
             userLookingAtScreen = false
@@ -126,10 +137,26 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
         faceDetected = true
         let face = observations.first!
 
+        if enableDebugLogging {
+            print("👁️ Face observation - boundingBox: \(face.boundingBox)")
+            print(
+                "👁️ Yaw: \(face.yaw?.doubleValue ?? 999), Pitch: \(face.pitch?.doubleValue ?? 999), Roll: \(face.roll?.doubleValue ?? 999)"
+            )
+        }
+
         guard let landmarks = face.landmarks else {
+            if enableDebugLogging {
+                print("👁️ No landmarks available")
+            }
             return
         }
 
+        if enableDebugLogging {
+            print(
+                "👁️ Landmarks - leftEye: \(landmarks.leftEye != nil), rightEye: \(landmarks.rightEye != nil), leftPupil: \(landmarks.leftPupil != nil), rightPupil: \(landmarks.rightPupil != nil)"
+            )
+        }
+
         // Check eye closure
         if let leftEye = landmarks.leftEye,
             let rightEye = landmarks.rightEye
@@ -140,13 +167,25 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
         }
 
         // Check gaze direction
-        let lookingAway = detectLookingAway(face: face, landmarks: landmarks, shouldLog: false)
+        let lookingAway = detectLookingAway(
+            face: face,
+            landmarks: landmarks,
+            imageSize: imageSize,
+            shouldLog: enableDebugLogging
+        )
         userLookingAtScreen = !lookingAway
     }
 
     private func detectEyesClosed(
         leftEye: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D, rightEye: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D, shouldLog: Bool
     ) -> Bool {
+        let constants = EyeTrackingConstants.shared
+
+        // If eye closure detection is disabled, always return false (eyes not closed)
+        guard constants.eyeClosedEnabled else {
+            return false
+        }
+
         guard leftEye.pointCount >= 2, rightEye.pointCount >= 2 else {
             return false
         }
@@ -154,7 +193,7 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
         let leftEyeHeight = calculateEyeHeight(leftEye, shouldLog: shouldLog)
         let rightEyeHeight = calculateEyeHeight(rightEye, shouldLog: shouldLog)
 
-        let closedThreshold = EyeTrackingConstants.eyeClosedThreshold
+        let closedThreshold = constants.eyeClosedThreshold
 
         let isClosed = leftEyeHeight < closedThreshold && rightEyeHeight < closedThreshold
 
@@ -175,22 +214,57 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
     }
 
     private func detectLookingAway(
-        face: VNFaceObservation, landmarks: VNFaceLandmarks2D, shouldLog: Bool
+        face: VNFaceObservation, landmarks: VNFaceLandmarks2D, imageSize: CGSize, shouldLog: Bool
     ) -> Bool {
+        let constants = EyeTrackingConstants.shared
+
         // 1. Face Pose Check (Yaw & Pitch)
         let yaw = face.yaw?.doubleValue ?? 0.0
         let pitch = face.pitch?.doubleValue ?? 0.0
+        let roll = face.roll?.doubleValue ?? 0.0
 
-        let yawThreshold = EyeTrackingConstants.yawThreshold
-        // Pitch check:
-        // - Camera at top = looking at screen is negative pitch
-        // - Looking above screen (straight ahead) is ~0 or positive -> Look Away
-        // - Looking at keyboard/lap is very negative -> Look Away
-        let pitchLookingAway =
-            pitch > EyeTrackingConstants.pitchUpThreshold
-            || pitch < EyeTrackingConstants.pitchDownThreshold
+        // Debug logging
+        if shouldLog {
+            print("👁️ Face Pose - Yaw: \(yaw), Pitch: \(pitch), Roll: \(roll)")
+            print(
+                "👁️ Face available data - hasYaw: \(face.yaw != nil), hasPitch: \(face.pitch != nil), hasRoll: \(face.roll != nil)"
+            )
+        }
 
-        let poseLookingAway = abs(yaw) > yawThreshold || pitchLookingAway
+        // Update debug values
+        Task { @MainActor in
+            debugYaw = yaw
+            debugPitch = pitch
+        }
+
+        var poseLookingAway = false
+
+        // Only use yaw/pitch if they're actually available and enabled
+        // Note: Vision Framework on macOS often doesn't provide reliable pitch data
+        if face.pitch != nil {
+            // Check yaw if enabled
+            if constants.yawEnabled {
+                let yawThreshold = constants.yawThreshold
+                if abs(yaw) > yawThreshold {
+                    poseLookingAway = true
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Check pitch if either threshold is enabled
+            if !poseLookingAway {
+                var pitchLookingAway = false
+
+                if constants.pitchUpEnabled && pitch > constants.pitchUpThreshold {
+                    pitchLookingAway = true
+                }
+
+                if constants.pitchDownEnabled && pitch < constants.pitchDownThreshold {
+                    pitchLookingAway = true
+                }
+
+                poseLookingAway = pitchLookingAway
+            }
+        }
 
         // 2. Eye Gaze Check (Pupil Position)
         var eyesLookingAway = false
@@ -201,21 +275,91 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
             let rightPupil = landmarks.rightPupil
         {
             
-            let leftRatio = calculatePupilHorizontalRatio(eye: leftEye, pupil: leftPupil)
-            let rightRatio = calculatePupilHorizontalRatio(eye: rightEye, pupil: rightPupil)
+            // NEW: Use inter-eye distance method
+            let gazeOffsets = calculateGazeUsingInterEyeDistance(
+                leftEye: leftEye,
+                rightEye: rightEye,
+                leftPupil: leftPupil,
+                rightPupil: rightPupil,
+                imageSize: imageSize,
+                faceBoundingBox: face.boundingBox
+            )
+
+            let leftRatio = calculatePupilHorizontalRatio(
+                eye: leftEye,
+                pupil: leftPupil,
+                imageSize: imageSize,
+                faceBoundingBox: face.boundingBox
+            )
+            let rightRatio = calculatePupilHorizontalRatio(
+                eye: rightEye,
+                pupil: rightPupil,
+                imageSize: imageSize,
+                faceBoundingBox: face.boundingBox
+            )
+
+            // Debug logging
+            if shouldLog {
+                print(
+                    "👁️ Pupil Ratios (OLD METHOD) - Left: \(String(format: "%.3f", leftRatio)), Right: \(String(format: "%.3f", rightRatio))"
+                )
+                print(
+                    "👁️ Gaze Offsets (NEW METHOD) - Left: \(String(format: "%.3f", gazeOffsets.leftGaze)), Right: \(String(format: "%.3f", gazeOffsets.rightGaze))"
+                )
+                print(
+                    "👁️ Thresholds - Min: \(constants.minPupilRatio), Max: \(constants.maxPupilRatio)"
+                )
+            }
+
+            // Update debug values
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                debugLeftPupilRatio = leftRatio
+                debugRightPupilRatio = rightRatio
+            }
 
             // Normal range for "looking center" is roughly 0.3 to 0.7
             // (0.0 = extreme right, 1.0 = extreme left relative to face)
             // Note: Camera is mirrored, so logic might be inverted
 
-            let minRatio = EyeTrackingConstants.minPupilRatio
-            let maxRatio = EyeTrackingConstants.maxPupilRatio
+            var leftLookingAway = false
+            var rightLookingAway = false
 
-            let leftLookingAway = leftRatio < minRatio || leftRatio > maxRatio
-            let rightLookingAway = rightRatio < minRatio || rightRatio > maxRatio
+            // Check min pupil ratio if enabled
+            /*if constants.minPupilEnabled {*/
+            /*let minRatio = constants.minPupilRatio*/
+            /*if leftRatio < minRatio {*/
+            /*leftLookingAway = true*/
+            /*}*/
+            /*if rightRatio < minRatio {*/
+            /*rightLookingAway = true*/
+            /*}*/
+            /*}*/
 
-            // Consider looking away if BOTH eyes are off-center
-            eyesLookingAway = leftLookingAway && rightLookingAway
+            /*// Check max pupil ratio if enabled*/
+            /*if constants.maxPupilEnabled {*/
+            /*let maxRatio = constants.maxPupilRatio*/
+            /*if leftRatio > maxRatio {*/
+            /*leftLookingAway = true*/
+            /*}*/
+            /*if rightRatio > maxRatio {*/
+            /*rightLookingAway = true*/
+            /*}*/
+            /*}*/
+
+            // Consider looking away if EITHER eye is off-center
+            // Changed from AND to OR logic because requiring both eyes makes detection too restrictive
+            // This is more sensitive but also more reliable for detecting actual looking away
+            eyesLookingAway = leftLookingAway || rightLookingAway
+
+            if shouldLog {
+                print(
+                    "👁️ Looking Away - Left: \(leftLookingAway), Right: \(rightLookingAway), Either: \(eyesLookingAway)"
+                )
+            }
+        } else {
+            if shouldLog {
+                print("👁️ Missing pupil or eye landmarks!")
+            }
         }
 
         let isLookingAway = poseLookingAway || eyesLookingAway
@@ -224,33 +368,227 @@ class EyeTrackingService: NSObject, ObservableObject {
     }
 
     private func calculatePupilHorizontalRatio(
-        eye: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D, pupil: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D
+        eye: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        pupil: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        imageSize: CGSize,
+        faceBoundingBox: CGRect
     ) -> Double {
+        // Use normalizedPoints which are already normalized to face bounding box
         let eyePoints = eye.normalizedPoints
         let pupilPoints = pupil.normalizedPoints
 
+        // Throttle debug logging to every 0.5 seconds
+        let now = Date()
+        let shouldLog = now.timeIntervalSince(lastDebugLogTime) >= 0.5
+
+        if shouldLog {
+            lastDebugLogTime = now
+
+            print("━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━")
+            print("📊 EYE TRACKING DEBUG DATA")
+            print("━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━")
+
+            print("\n🖼️  IMAGE SIZE:")
+            print("   Width: \(imageSize.width), Height: \(imageSize.height)")
+
+            print("\n📦 FACE BOUNDING BOX (normalized):")
+            print("   Origin: (\(faceBoundingBox.origin.x), \(faceBoundingBox.origin.y))")
+            print("   Size: (\(faceBoundingBox.size.width), \(faceBoundingBox.size.height))")
+
+            print("\n👁️  EYE LANDMARK POINTS (normalized to face bounding box - from Vision):")
+            print("   Count: \(eyePoints.count)")
+            let eyeMinX = eyePoints.min(by: { $0.x < $1.x })?.x ?? 0
+            let eyeMaxX = eyePoints.max(by: { $0.x < $1.x })?.x ?? 0
+            for (index, point) in eyePoints.enumerated() {
+                var marker = ""
+                if abs(point.x - eyeMinX) < 0.0001 {
+                    marker = " ← LEFTMOST (inner corner)"
+                } else if abs(point.x - eyeMaxX) < 0.0001 {
+                    marker = " ← RIGHTMOST (outer corner)"
+                }
+                if index == 0 {
+                    marker += " [FIRST]"
+                } else if index == eyePoints.count - 1 {
+                    marker += " [LAST]"
+                }
+                print(
+                    "   [\(index)]: (\(String(format: "%.4f", point.x)), \(String(format: "%.4f", point.y)))\(marker)"
+                )
+            }
+
+            print("\n👁️  PUPIL LANDMARK POINTS (normalized to face bounding box - from Vision):")
+            print("   Count: \(pupilPoints.count)")
+            for (index, point) in pupilPoints.enumerated() {
+                print(
+                    "   [\(index)]: (\(String(format: "%.4f", point.x)), \(String(format: "%.4f", point.y)))"
+                )
+            }
+
+            if let minPoint = eyePoints.min(by: { $0.x < $1.x }),
+                let maxPoint = eyePoints.max(by: { $0.x < $1.x })
+            {
+                let eyeMinX = minPoint.x
+                let eyeMaxX = maxPoint.x
+                let eyeWidth = eyeMaxX - eyeMinX
+                let pupilCenterX = pupilPoints.map { $0.x }.reduce(0, +) / Double(pupilPoints.count)
+                let ratio = (pupilCenterX - eyeMinX) / eyeWidth
+
+                print("\n📏 CALCULATIONS:")
+                print("   Eye MinX: \(String(format: "%.4f", eyeMinX))")
+                print("   Eye MaxX: \(String(format: "%.4f", eyeMaxX))")
+                print("   Eye Width: \(String(format: "%.4f", eyeWidth))")
+                
+                // Analyze different point pairs to find better eye width
+                if eyePoints.count >= 6 {
+                    let cornerWidth = eyePoints[5].x - eyePoints[0].x
+                    print("   Corner-to-Corner Width [0→5]: \(String(format: "%.4f", cornerWidth))")
+                    
+                    // Try middle points too
+                    if eyePoints.count >= 4 {
+                        let midWidth = eyePoints[3].x - eyePoints[0].x
+                        print("   Point [0→3] Width: \(String(format: "%.4f", midWidth))")
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                print("   Pupil Center X: \(String(format: "%.4f", pupilCenterX))")
+                print("   Pupil Min X: \(String(format: "%.4f", pupilPoints.min(by: { $0.x < $1.x })?.x ?? 0))")
+                print("   Pupil Max X: \(String(format: "%.4f", pupilPoints.max(by: { $0.x < $1.x })?.x ?? 0))")
+                print("   Final Ratio (current method): \(String(format: "%.4f", ratio))")
+                
+                // Calculate alternate ratios
+                if eyePoints.count >= 6 {
+                    let cornerWidth = eyePoints[5].x - eyePoints[0].x
+                    if cornerWidth > 0 {
+                        let cornerRatio = (pupilCenterX - eyePoints[0].x) / cornerWidth
+                        print("   Alternate Ratio (using corners [0→5]): \(String(format: "%.4f", cornerRatio))")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            print("\n━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━\n")
+        }
+
         guard !eyePoints.isEmpty, !pupilPoints.isEmpty else { return 0.5 }
 
-        // Get eye horizontal bounds
-        let eyeMinX = eyePoints.map { $0.x }.min() ?? 0
-        let eyeMaxX = eyePoints.map { $0.x }.max() ?? 0
+        guard let minPoint = eyePoints.min(by: { $0.x < $1.x }),
+            let maxPoint = eyePoints.max(by: { $0.x < $1.x })
+        else {
+            return 0.5
+        }
+
+        let eyeMinX = minPoint.x
+        let eyeMaxX = maxPoint.x
         let eyeWidth = eyeMaxX - eyeMinX
 
         guard eyeWidth > 0 else { return 0.5 }
 
-        // Get pupil center X
         let pupilCenterX = pupilPoints.map { $0.x }.reduce(0, +) / Double(pupilPoints.count)
 
-        // Calculate ratio (0.0 to 1.0)
-        // 0.0 = Right side of eye (camera view)
-        // 1.0 = Left side of eye (camera view)
+        // Calculate ratio (0.0 to 1.0) - already normalized to face bounding box by Vision
         let ratio = (pupilCenterX - eyeMinX) / eyeWidth
 
         return ratio
     }
-}
     
-// MARK: - AVCaptureVideoDataOutputSampleBufferDelegate
+    /// NEW APPROACH: Calculate gaze using inter-eye distance as reference
+    /// This works around Vision's limitation that eye landmarks only track the iris, not true eye corners
+    private func calculateGazeUsingInterEyeDistance(
+        leftEye: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        rightEye: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        leftPupil: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        rightPupil: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        imageSize: CGSize,
+        faceBoundingBox: CGRect
+    ) -> (leftGaze: Double, rightGaze: Double) {
+        
+        // CRITICAL: Convert from face-normalized coordinates to image coordinates
+        // normalizedPoints are relative to face bounding box, not stable for gaze tracking
+        
+        // Helper to convert face-normalized point to image coordinates
+        func toImageCoords(_ point: CGPoint) -> CGPoint {
+            // Face bounding box origin is in Vision coordinates (bottom-left origin)
+            let imageX = faceBoundingBox.origin.x + point.x * faceBoundingBox.width
+            let imageY = faceBoundingBox.origin.y + point.y * faceBoundingBox.height
+            return CGPoint(x: imageX, y: imageY)
+        }
+        
+        // Convert all points to image space
+        let leftEyePointsImg = leftEye.normalizedPoints.map { toImageCoords($0) }
+        let rightEyePointsImg = rightEye.normalizedPoints.map { toImageCoords($0) }
+        let leftPupilPointsImg = leftPupil.normalizedPoints.map { toImageCoords($0) }
+        let rightPupilPointsImg = rightPupil.normalizedPoints.map { toImageCoords($0) }
+        
+        // Calculate eye centers (average of all iris boundary points)
+        let leftEyeCenterX = leftEyePointsImg.map { $0.x }.reduce(0, +) / Double(leftEyePointsImg.count)
+        let rightEyeCenterX = rightEyePointsImg.map { $0.x }.reduce(0, +) / Double(rightEyePointsImg.count)
+        
+        // Calculate pupil centers
+        let leftPupilX = leftPupilPointsImg.map { $0.x }.reduce(0, +) / Double(leftPupilPointsImg.count)
+        let rightPupilX = rightPupilPointsImg.map { $0.x }.reduce(0, +) / Double(rightPupilPointsImg.count)
+        
+        // Inter-eye distance (the distance between eye centers) - should be stable now
+        let interEyeDistance = abs(rightEyeCenterX - leftEyeCenterX)
+        
+        // Estimate iris width as a fraction of inter-eye distance
+        // Typical human: inter-pupil distance ~63mm, iris width ~12mm → ratio ~1/5
+        let irisWidth = interEyeDistance / 5.0
+        
+        // Calculate gaze offset for each eye (positive = looking right, negative = looking left)
+        let leftGazeOffset = (leftPupilX - leftEyeCenterX) / irisWidth
+        let rightGazeOffset = (rightPupilX - rightEyeCenterX) / irisWidth
+        
+        // Throttle debug logging
+        let now = Date()
+        let shouldLog = now.timeIntervalSince(lastDebugLogTime) >= 0.5
+        
+        if shouldLog {
+            lastDebugLogTime = now
+            
+            print("━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━")
+            print("📊 INTER-EYE DISTANCE GAZE (IMAGE COORDS)")
+            print("━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━")
+            
+            print("\n🖼️  IMAGE SPACE:")
+            print("   Image Size: \(Int(imageSize.width)) x \(Int(imageSize.height))")
+            print("   Face Box: x=\(String(format: "%.3f", faceBoundingBox.origin.x)) w=\(String(format: "%.3f", faceBoundingBox.width))")
+            
+            print("\n👁️  EYE CENTERS (image coords):")
+            print("   Left Eye Center X: \(String(format: "%.4f", leftEyeCenterX)) (\(Int(leftEyeCenterX * imageSize.width))px)")
+            print("   Right Eye Center X: \(String(format: "%.4f", rightEyeCenterX)) (\(Int(rightEyeCenterX * imageSize.width))px)")
+            print("   Inter-Eye Distance: \(String(format: "%.4f", interEyeDistance)) (\(Int(interEyeDistance * imageSize.width))px)")
+            print("   Estimated Iris Width: \(String(format: "%.4f", irisWidth)) (\(Int(irisWidth * imageSize.width))px)")
+            
+            print("\n👁️  PUPIL POSITIONS (image coords):")
+            print("   Left Pupil X: \(String(format: "%.4f", leftPupilX)) (\(Int(leftPupilX * imageSize.width))px)")
+            print("   Right Pupil X: \(String(format: "%.4f", rightPupilX)) (\(Int(rightPupilX * imageSize.width))px)")
+            
+            print("\n📏 PUPIL OFFSETS FROM EYE CENTER:")
+            print("   Left Offset: \(String(format: "%.4f", leftPupilX - leftEyeCenterX)) (\(Int((leftPupilX - leftEyeCenterX) * imageSize.width))px)")
+            print("   Right Offset: \(String(format: "%.4f", rightPupilX - rightEyeCenterX)) (\(Int((rightPupilX - rightEyeCenterX) * imageSize.width))px)")
+            
+            print("\n📏 GAZE OFFSETS (normalized to iris width):")
+            print("   Left Gaze Offset: \(String(format: "%.4f", leftGazeOffset)) (0=center, +right, -left)")
+            print("   Right Gaze Offset: \(String(format: "%.4f", rightGazeOffset)) (0=center, +right, -left)")
+            print("   Average Gaze: \(String(format: "%.4f", (leftGazeOffset + rightGazeOffset) / 2))")
+            
+            // Interpretation
+            let avgGaze = (leftGazeOffset + rightGazeOffset) / 2
+            var interpretation = ""
+            if avgGaze < -0.5 {
+                interpretation = "Looking LEFT"
+            } else if avgGaze > 0.5 {
+                interpretation = "Looking RIGHT"
+            } else {
+                interpretation = "Looking CENTER"
+            }
+            print("   Interpretation: \(interpretation)")
+            
+            print("\n━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━\n")
+        }
+        
+        return (leftGazeOffset, rightGazeOffset)
+    }
+}
 
 extension EyeTrackingService: AVCaptureVideoDataOutputSampleBufferDelegate {
     nonisolated func captureOutput(
@@ -270,13 +608,27 @@ extension EyeTrackingService: AVCaptureVideoDataOutputSampleBufferDelegate {
                 return
             }
 
+            let size = CGSize(
+                width: CVPixelBufferGetWidth(pixelBuffer),
+                height: CVPixelBufferGetHeight(pixelBuffer)
+            )
+
             Task { @MainActor in
-                self.processFaceObservations(request.results as? [VNFaceObservation])
+                self.processFaceObservations(
+                    request.results as? [VNFaceObservation],
+                    imageSize: size
+                )
             }
         }
 
+        // Use revision 3 which includes more detailed landmarks including pupils
         request.revision = VNDetectFaceLandmarksRequestRevision3
 
+        // Enable constellation points which may help with pose estimation
+        if #available(macOS 14.0, *) {
+            request.constellation = .constellation76Points
+        }
+
         let imageRequestHandler = VNImageRequestHandler(
             cvPixelBuffer: pixelBuffer,
             orientation: .leftMirrored,

Gaze/Services/PupilDetector.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+//
+//  PupilDetector.swift
+//  Gaze
+//
+//  Created by Mike Freno on 1/15/26.
+//
+//  Pixel-based pupil detection translated from Python GazeTracking library
+//  Original: https://github.com/antoinelame/GazeTracking
+//
+
+import CoreImage
+import Vision
+import Accelerate
+
+struct PupilPosition {
+    let x: CGFloat
+    let y: CGFloat
+}
+
+struct EyeRegion {
+    let frame: CGRect  // Bounding box of the eye in image coordinates
+    let center: CGPoint  // Center point of the eye region
+}
+
+class PupilDetector {
+    
+    /// Detects pupil position within an isolated eye region using pixel-based analysis
+    /// - Parameters:
+    ///   - pixelBuffer: The camera frame pixel buffer
+    ///   - eyeLandmarks: Vision eye landmarks (6 points around iris)
+    ///   - faceBoundingBox: Face bounding box from Vision
+    ///   - imageSize: Size of the camera frame
+    /// - Returns: Pupil position relative to eye region, or nil if detection fails
+    static func detectPupil(
+        in pixelBuffer: CVPixelBuffer,
+        eyeLandmarks: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        faceBoundingBox: CGRect,
+        imageSize: CGSize
+    ) -> (pupilPosition: PupilPosition, eyeRegion: EyeRegion)? {
+        
+        // Step 1: Convert Vision landmarks to pixel coordinates
+        let eyePoints = landmarksToPixelCoordinates(
+            landmarks: eyeLandmarks,
+            faceBoundingBox: faceBoundingBox,
+            imageSize: imageSize
+        )
+        
+        guard eyePoints.count >= 6 else { return nil }
+        
+        // Step 2: Create eye region bounding box
+        guard let eyeRegion = createEyeRegion(from: eyePoints, imageSize: imageSize) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        // Step 3: Extract and process eye region from pixel buffer
+        guard let eyeImage = extractEyeRegion(
+            from: pixelBuffer,
+            region: eyeRegion.frame,
+            mask: eyePoints
+        ) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        // Step 4: Process image to isolate pupil (bilateral filter + threshold)
+        guard let processedImage = processEyeImage(eyeImage) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        // Step 5: Find pupil using contour detection
+        guard let pupilPosition = findPupilCentroid(in: processedImage) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        return (pupilPosition, eyeRegion)
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Step 1: Convert Landmarks to Pixel Coordinates
+    
+    private static func landmarksToPixelCoordinates(
+        landmarks: VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D,
+        faceBoundingBox: CGRect,
+        imageSize: CGSize
+    ) -> [CGPoint] {
+        return landmarks.normalizedPoints.map { point in
+            // Vision coordinates are normalized to face bounding box
+            let imageX = (faceBoundingBox.origin.x + point.x * faceBoundingBox.width) * imageSize.width
+            let imageY = (faceBoundingBox.origin.y + point.y * faceBoundingBox.height) * imageSize.height
+            return CGPoint(x: imageX, y: imageY)
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Step 2: Create Eye Region
+    
+    private static func createEyeRegion(from points: [CGPoint], imageSize: CGSize) -> EyeRegion? {
+        guard !points.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        
+        let margin: CGFloat = 5
+        let minX = points.map { $0.x }.min()! - margin
+        let maxX = points.map { $0.x }.max()! + margin
+        let minY = points.map { $0.y }.min()! - margin
+        let maxY = points.map { $0.y }.max()! + margin
+        
+        // Clamp to image bounds
+        let clampedMinX = max(0, minX)
+        let clampedMaxX = min(imageSize.width, maxX)
+        let clampedMinY = max(0, minY)
+        let clampedMaxY = min(imageSize.height, maxY)
+        
+        let frame = CGRect(
+            x: clampedMinX,
+            y: clampedMinY,
+            width: clampedMaxX - clampedMinX,
+            height: clampedMaxY - clampedMinY
+        )
+        
+        let center = CGPoint(
+            x: frame.width / 2,
+            y: frame.height / 2
+        )
+        
+        return EyeRegion(frame: frame, center: center)
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Step 3: Extract Eye Region
+    
+    private static func extractEyeRegion(
+        from pixelBuffer: CVPixelBuffer,
+        region: CGRect,
+        mask: [CGPoint]
+    ) -> CIImage? {
+        
+        let ciImage = CIImage(cvPixelBuffer: pixelBuffer)
+        
+        // Convert to grayscale
+        let grayscaleImage = ciImage.applyingFilter("CIPhotoEffectNoir")
+        
+        // Crop to eye region
+        let croppedImage = grayscaleImage.cropped(to: region)
+        
+        return croppedImage
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Step 4: Process Eye Image
+    
+    private static func processEyeImage(_ image: CIImage) -> CIImage? {
+        // Apply bilateral filter (preserves edges while smoothing)
+        // CIBilateralFilter approximation: use CIMedianFilter + morphology
+        var processed = image
+        
+        // 1. Median filter (reduces noise while preserving edges)
+        processed = processed.applyingFilter("CIMedianFilter")
+        
+        // 2. Morphological erosion (makes dark regions larger - approximates cv2.erode)
+        // Use CIMorphologyMinimum with small radius
+        processed = processed.applyingFilter("CIMorphologyMinimum", parameters: [
+            kCIInputRadiusKey: 2.0
+        ])
+        
+        // 3. Threshold to binary (black/white)
+        // Use CIColorControls to increase contrast, then threshold
+        processed = processed.applyingFilter("CIColorControls", parameters: [
+            kCIInputContrastKey: 2.0,
+            kCIInputBrightnessKey: -0.3
+        ])
+        
+        // Apply color threshold to make it binary
+        processed = processed.applyingFilter("CIColorThreshold", parameters: [
+            "inputThreshold": 0.5
+        ])
+        
+        return processed
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Step 5: Find Pupil Centroid
+    
+    private static func findPupilCentroid(in image: CIImage) -> PupilPosition? {
+        let context = CIContext()
+        
+        // Convert CIImage to CGImage for contour detection
+        guard let cgImage = context.createCGImage(image, from: image.extent) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        // Convert to vImage buffer for processing
+        guard let (width, height, data) = cgImageToGrayscaleData(cgImage) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        // Find connected components (contours)
+        guard let (centroidX, centroidY) = findLargestDarkRegionCentroid(
+            data: data,
+            width: width,
+            height: height
+        ) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        return PupilPosition(x: CGFloat(centroidX), y: CGFloat(centroidY))
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Helper: Convert CGImage to Grayscale Data
+    
+    private static func cgImageToGrayscaleData(_ cgImage: CGImage) -> (width: Int, height: Int, data: [UInt8])? {
+        let width = cgImage.width
+        let height = cgImage.height
+        
+        var data = [UInt8](repeating: 0, count: width * height)
+        
+        guard let context = CGContext(
+            data: &data,
+            width: width,
+            height: height,
+            bitsPerComponent: 8,
+            bytesPerRow: width,
+            space: CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray(),
+            bitmapInfo: CGImageAlphaInfo.none.rawValue
+        ) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        
+        context.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: height))
+        
+        return (width, height, data)
+    }
+    
+    // MARK: - Helper: Find Centroid of Largest Dark Region
+    
+    private static func findLargestDarkRegionCentroid(
+        data: [UInt8],
+        width: Int,
+        height: Int
+    ) -> (x: Double, y: Double)? {
+        
+        // Calculate image moments to find centroid
+        // m00 = sum of all pixels (area)
+        // m10 = sum of (x * pixel_value)
+        // m01 = sum of (y * pixel_value)
+        // centroid_x = m10 / m00
+        // centroid_y = m01 / m00
+        
+        var m00: Double = 0
+        var m10: Double = 0
+        var m01: Double = 0
+        
+        for y in 0..<height {
+            for x in 0..<width {
+                let index = y * width + x
+                let pixelValue = 255 - Int(data[index])  // Invert: we want dark regions
+                
+                if pixelValue > 128 {  // Only count dark pixels
+                    let weight = Double(pixelValue)
+                    m00 += weight
+                    m10 += Double(x) * weight
+                    m01 += Double(y) * weight
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        guard m00 > 0 else { return nil }
+        
+        let centroidX = m10 / m00
+        let centroidY = m01 / m00
+        
+        return (centroidX, centroidY)
+    }
+}

Gaze/Services/ServiceContainer.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+//
+//  ServiceContainer.swift
+//  Gaze
+//
+//  Dependency injection container for managing service instances.
+//
+
+import Foundation
+
+/// A simple dependency injection container for managing service instances.
+/// Supports both production and test configurations.
+@MainActor
+final class ServiceContainer {
+    
+    /// Shared instance for production use
+    static let shared = ServiceContainer()
+    
+    /// The settings manager instance
+    private(set) var settingsManager: any SettingsProviding
+    
+    /// The enforce mode service instance
+    private(set) var enforceModeService: EnforceModeService
+    
+    /// The timer engine instance (created lazily)
+    private var _timerEngine: TimerEngine?
+    
+    /// The fullscreen detection service
+    private(set) var fullscreenService: FullscreenDetectionService?
+    
+    /// The idle monitoring service
+    private(set) var idleService: IdleMonitoringService?
+    
+    /// The usage tracking service
+    private(set) var usageTrackingService: UsageTrackingService?
+    
+    /// Whether this container is configured for testing
+    let isTestEnvironment: Bool
+    
+    /// Creates a production container with real services
+    private init() {
+        self.isTestEnvironment = false
+        self.settingsManager = SettingsManager.shared
+        self.enforceModeService = EnforceModeService.shared
+    }
+    
+    /// Creates a test container with injectable dependencies
+    /// - Parameters:
+    ///   - settingsManager: The settings manager to use (defaults to MockSettingsManager in tests)
+    ///   - enforceModeService: The enforce mode service to use
+    init(
+        settingsManager: any SettingsProviding,
+        enforceModeService: EnforceModeService? = nil
+    ) {
+        self.isTestEnvironment = true
+        self.settingsManager = settingsManager
+        self.enforceModeService = enforceModeService ?? EnforceModeService.shared
+    }
+    
+    /// Gets or creates the timer engine
+    var timerEngine: TimerEngine {
+        if let engine = _timerEngine {
+            return engine
+        }
+        let engine = TimerEngine(
+            settingsManager: settingsManager,
+            enforceModeService: enforceModeService
+        )
+        _timerEngine = engine
+        return engine
+    }
+    
+    /// Sets up smart mode services
+    func setupSmartModeServices() {
+        let settings = settingsManager.settings
+        
+        fullscreenService = FullscreenDetectionService()
+        idleService = IdleMonitoringService(
+            idleThresholdMinutes: settings.smartMode.idleThresholdMinutes
+        )
+        usageTrackingService = UsageTrackingService(
+            resetThresholdMinutes: settings.smartMode.usageResetAfterMinutes
+        )
+        
+        // Connect idle service to usage tracking
+        if let idleService = idleService {
+            usageTrackingService?.setupIdleMonitoring(idleService)
+        }
+        
+        // Connect services to timer engine
+        timerEngine.setupSmartMode(
+            fullscreenService: fullscreenService,
+            idleService: idleService
+        )
+    }
+    
+    /// Resets the container for testing purposes
+    func reset() {
+        _timerEngine?.stop()
+        _timerEngine = nil
+        fullscreenService = nil
+        idleService = nil
+        usageTrackingService = nil
+    }
+    
+    /// Creates a new container configured for testing
+    static func forTesting(settings: AppSettings = .defaults) -> ServiceContainer {
+        // We need to create this at runtime in tests using MockSettingsManager
+        fatalError("Use init(settingsManager:) directly in tests")
+    }
+}

Gaze/Services/TimerEngine.swift

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
     @Published var activeReminder: ReminderEvent?
 
     private var timerSubscription: AnyCancellable?
-    private let settingsManager: SettingsManager
+    private let settingsProvider: any SettingsProviding
     private var sleepStartTime: Date?
     
     // For enforce mode integration
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
     private var idleService: IdleMonitoringService?
     private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()
 
-    init(settingsManager: SettingsManager) {
-        self.settingsManager = settingsManager
-        self.enforceModeService = EnforceModeService.shared
+    init(settingsManager: any SettingsProviding, enforceModeService: EnforceModeService? = nil) {
+        self.settingsProvider = settingsManager
+        self.enforceModeService = enforceModeService ?? EnforceModeService.shared
         
         Task { @MainActor in
             self.enforceModeService?.setTimerEngine(self)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
     }
     
     private func handleFullscreenChange(isFullscreen: Bool) {
-        guard settingsManager.settings.smartMode.autoPauseOnFullscreen else { return }
+        guard settingsProvider.settings.smartMode.autoPauseOnFullscreen else { return }
         
         if isFullscreen {
             pauseAllTimers(reason: .fullscreen)
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
     }
     
     private func handleIdleChange(isIdle: Bool) {
-        guard settingsManager.settings.smartMode.autoPauseOnIdle else { return }
+        guard settingsProvider.settings.smartMode.autoPauseOnIdle else { return }
         
         if isIdle {
             pauseAllTimers(reason: .idle)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
         
         // Add built-in timers
         for timerType in TimerType.allCases {
-            let config = settingsManager.timerConfiguration(for: timerType)
+            let config = settingsProvider.timerConfiguration(for: timerType)
             if config.enabled {
                 let identifier = TimerIdentifier.builtIn(timerType)
                 newStates[identifier] = TimerState(
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
         }
         
         // Add user timers
-        for userTimer in settingsManager.settings.userTimers where userTimer.enabled {
+        for userTimer in settingsProvider.settings.userTimers where userTimer.enabled {
             let identifier = TimerIdentifier.user(id: userTimer.id)
             newStates[identifier] = TimerState(
                 identifier: identifier,
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
         
         // Update built-in timers
         for timerType in TimerType.allCases {
-            let config = settingsManager.timerConfiguration(for: timerType)
+            let config = settingsProvider.timerConfiguration(for: timerType)
             let identifier = TimerIdentifier.builtIn(timerType)
             
             if config.enabled {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
         }
         
         // Update user timers
-        for userTimer in settingsManager.settings.userTimers {
+        for userTimer in settingsProvider.settings.userTimers {
             let identifier = TimerIdentifier.user(id: userTimer.id)
             let newIntervalSeconds = userTimer.intervalMinutes * 60
             
@@ -269,10 +269,10 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
         let intervalSeconds: Int
         switch identifier {
         case .builtIn(let type):
-            let config = settingsManager.timerConfiguration(for: type)
+            let config = settingsProvider.timerConfiguration(for: type)
             intervalSeconds = config.intervalSeconds
         case .user(let id):
-            guard let userTimer = settingsManager.settings.userTimers.first(where: { $0.id == id }) else { return }
+            guard let userTimer = settingsProvider.settings.userTimers.first(where: { $0.id == id }) else { return }
             intervalSeconds = userTimer.intervalMinutes * 60
         }
         
@@ -335,14 +335,14 @@ class TimerEngine: ObservableObject {
             switch type {
             case .lookAway:
                 activeReminder = .lookAwayTriggered(
-                    countdownSeconds: settingsManager.settings.lookAwayCountdownSeconds)
+                    countdownSeconds: settingsProvider.settings.lookAwayCountdownSeconds)
             case .blink:
                 activeReminder = .blinkTriggered
             case .posture:
                 activeReminder = .postureTriggered
             }
         case .user(let id):
-            if let userTimer = settingsManager.settings.userTimers.first(where: { $0.id == id }) {
+            if let userTimer = settingsProvider.settings.userTimers.first(where: { $0.id == id }) {
                 activeReminder = .userTimerTriggered(userTimer)
             }
         }

Gaze/Views/Containers/SettingsWindowView.swift

@@ -7,6 +7,108 @@
 
 import SwiftUI
 
+@MainActor
+final class SettingsWindowPresenter {
+    static let shared = SettingsWindowPresenter()
+
+    private weak var windowController: NSWindowController?
+    private var closeObserver: NSObjectProtocol?
+
+    func show(settingsManager: SettingsManager, initialTab: Int = 0) {
+        if focusExistingWindow(tab: initialTab) {
+            return
+        }
+        createWindow(settingsManager: settingsManager, initialTab: initialTab)
+    }
+
+    func focus(tab: Int) {
+        _ = focusExistingWindow(tab: tab)
+    }
+
+    func close() {
+        windowController?.close()
+        windowController = nil
+        removeCloseObserver()
+    }
+
+    @discardableResult
+    private func focusExistingWindow(tab: Int?) -> Bool {
+        guard let window = windowController?.window else {
+            windowController = nil
+            return false
+        }
+
+        if let tab {
+            NotificationCenter.default.post(
+                name: Notification.Name("SwitchToSettingsTab"),
+                object: tab
+            )
+        }
+
+        window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
+        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private func createWindow(settingsManager: SettingsManager, initialTab: Int) {
+        let window = NSWindow(
+            contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: 700, height: 700),
+            styleMask: [.titled, .closable, .miniaturizable, .resizable, .fullSizeContentView],
+            backing: .buffered,
+            defer: false
+        )
+
+        window.identifier = WindowIdentifiers.settings
+        window.titleVisibility = .hidden
+        window.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
+        window.toolbarStyle = .unified
+        window.toolbar = NSToolbar()
+        window.center()
+        window.setFrameAutosaveName("SettingsWindow")
+        window.isReleasedWhenClosed = false
+
+        let contentView = SettingsWindowView(
+            settingsManager: settingsManager,
+            initialTab: initialTab
+        )
+        window.contentView = NSHostingView(rootView: contentView)
+
+        let controller = NSWindowController(window: window)
+        controller.showWindow(nil)
+
+        window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
+        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+
+        windowController = controller
+
+        removeCloseObserver()
+        closeObserver = NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
+            forName: NSWindow.willCloseNotification,
+            object: window,
+            queue: .main
+        ) { [weak self] _ in
+            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
+                self?.windowController = nil
+                self?.removeCloseObserver()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    private func removeCloseObserver() {
+        if let closeObserver {
+            NotificationCenter.default.removeObserver(closeObserver)
+            self.closeObserver = nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        Task { @MainActor in
+            removeCloseObserver()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct SettingsWindowView: View {
     @ObservedObject var settingsManager: SettingsManager
     @State private var selectedSection: SettingsSection

Gaze/Views/Setup/EnforceModeSetupView.swift

@@ -13,92 +13,98 @@ struct EnforceModeSetupView: View {
     @ObservedObject var cameraService = CameraAccessService.shared
     @ObservedObject var eyeTrackingService = EyeTrackingService.shared
     @ObservedObject var enforceModeService = EnforceModeService.shared
+    @ObservedObject var trackingConstants = EyeTrackingConstants.shared
 
     @State private var isProcessingToggle = false
     @State private var isTestModeActive = false
     @State private var cachedPreviewLayer: AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer?
     @State private var showDebugView = false
     @State private var isViewActive = false
+    @State private var showAdvancedSettings = false
 
     var body: some View {
         VStack(spacing: 0) {
-            VStack(spacing: 16) {
-                Image(systemName: "video.fill")
-                    .font(.system(size: 60))
-                    .foregroundColor(.accentColor)
-                Text("Enforce Mode")
-                    .font(.system(size: 28, weight: .bold))
-            }
-            .padding(.top, 20)
-            .padding(.bottom, 30)
+            ScrollView {
+                VStack(spacing: 16) {
+                    Image(systemName: "video.fill")
+                        .font(.system(size: 60))
+                        .foregroundColor(.accentColor)
+                    Text("Enforce Mode")
+                        .font(.system(size: 28, weight: .bold))
+                }
+                .padding(.top, 20)
+                .padding(.bottom, 30)
 
-            Spacer()
+                Spacer()
 
-            VStack(spacing: 30) {
-                Text("Use your camera to ensure you take breaks")
-                    .font(.title3)
-                    .foregroundColor(.secondary)
-                    .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
+                VStack(spacing: 30) {
+                    Text("Use your camera to ensure you take breaks")
+                        .font(.title3)
+                        .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                        .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
 
-                VStack(spacing: 20) {
-                    HStack {
-                        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
-                            Text("Enable Enforce Mode")
-                                .font(.headline)
-                            Text("Camera activates 3 seconds before lookaway reminders")
-                                .font(.caption)
-                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
-                        }
-                        Spacer()
-                        Toggle(
-                            "",
-                            isOn: Binding(
-                                get: {
-                                    settingsManager.settings.enforcementMode
-                                },
-                                set: { newValue in
-                                    print("🎛️ Toggle changed to: \(newValue)")
-                                    guard !isProcessingToggle else {
-                                        print("⚠️ Already processing toggle")
-                                        return
+                    VStack(spacing: 20) {
+                        HStack {
+                            VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                                Text("Enable Enforce Mode")
+                                    .font(.headline)
+                                Text("Camera activates 3 seconds before lookaway reminders")
+                                    .font(.caption)
+                                    .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                            }
+                            Spacer()
+                            Toggle(
+                                "",
+                                isOn: Binding(
+                                    get: {
+                                        settingsManager.settings.enforcementMode
+                                    },
+                                    set: { newValue in
+                                        print("🎛️ Toggle changed to: \(newValue)")
+                                        guard !isProcessingToggle else {
+                                            print("⚠️ Already processing toggle")
+                                            return
+                                        }
+                                        settingsManager.settings.enforcementMode = newValue
+                                        handleEnforceModeToggle(enabled: newValue)
                                     }
-                                    settingsManager.settings.enforcementMode = newValue
-                                    handleEnforceModeToggle(enabled: newValue)
-                                }
+                                )
                             )
-                        )
-                        .labelsHidden()
-                        .disabled(isProcessingToggle)
-                    }
-                    .padding()
-                    .glassEffectIfAvailable(GlassStyle.regular, in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))
+                            .labelsHidden()
+                            .disabled(isProcessingToggle)
+                        }
+                        .padding()
+                        .glassEffectIfAvailable(GlassStyle.regular, in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))
 
-                    cameraStatusView
+                        cameraStatusView
 
-                    if enforceModeService.isEnforceModeEnabled {
-                        testModeButton
-                    }
-
-                    if isTestModeActive && enforceModeService.isCameraActive {
-                        testModePreviewView
-                    } else {
-                        if enforceModeService.isCameraActive && !isTestModeActive {
-                            eyeTrackingStatusView
-                            #if DEBUG
-                                if showDebugView {
-                                    debugEyeTrackingView
-                                }
-                            #endif
-                        } else if enforceModeService.isEnforceModeEnabled {
-                            cameraPendingView
+                        if enforceModeService.isEnforceModeEnabled {
+                            testModeButton
                         }
 
-                        privacyInfoView
+                        if isTestModeActive && enforceModeService.isCameraActive {
+                            testModePreviewView
+                            trackingConstantsView
+                        } else {
+                            if enforceModeService.isCameraActive && !isTestModeActive {
+                                trackingConstantsView
+                                eyeTrackingStatusView
+                                #if DEBUG
+                                    if showDebugView {
+                                        debugEyeTrackingView
+                                    }
+                                #endif
+                            } else if enforceModeService.isEnforceModeEnabled {
+                                cameraPendingView
+                            }
+
+                            privacyInfoView
+                        }
                     }
                 }
-            }
 
-            Spacer()
+                Spacer()
+            }
         }
         .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)
         .padding()
@@ -163,35 +169,35 @@ struct EnforceModeSetupView: View {
                         }
                     }
 
-                VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
-                    Text("Live Tracking Status")
-                        .font(.headline)
+                /*VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {*/
+                /*Text("Live Tracking Status")*/
+                /*.font(.headline)*/
 
-                    HStack(spacing: 20) {
-                        statusIndicator(
-                            title: "Face Detected",
-                            isActive: eyeTrackingService.faceDetected,
-                            icon: "person.fill"
-                        )
+                /*HStack(spacing: 20) {*/
+                /*statusIndicator(*/
+                /*title: "Face Detected",*/
+                /*isActive: eyeTrackingService.faceDetected,*/
+                /*icon: "person.fill"*/
+                /*)*/
 
-                        statusIndicator(
-                            title: "Looking Away",
-                            isActive: !eyeTrackingService.userLookingAtScreen,
-                            icon: "arrow.turn.up.right"
-                        )
-                    }
+                /*statusIndicator(*/
+                /*title: "Looking Away",*/
+                /*isActive: !eyeTrackingService.userLookingAtScreen,*/
+                /*icon: "arrow.turn.up.right"*/
+                /*)*/
+                /*}*/
 
-                    Text(
-                        lookingAway
-                            ? "✓ Break compliance detected" : "⚠️ Please look away from screen"
-                    )
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundColor(lookingAway ? .green : .orange)
-                    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .center)
-                    .padding(.top, 4)
-                }
-                .padding()
-                .glassEffectIfAvailable(GlassStyle.regular, in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))
+                /*Text(*/
+                /*lookingAway*/
+                /*? "✓ Break compliance detected" : "⚠️ Please look away from screen"*/
+                /*)*/
+                /*.font(.caption)*/
+                /*.foregroundColor(lookingAway ? .green : .orange)*/
+                /*.frame(maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .center)*/
+                /*.padding(.top, 4)*/
+                /*}*/
+                /*.padding()*/
+                /*.glassEffectIfAvailable(GlassStyle.regular, in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))*/
             }
         }
     }
@@ -357,6 +363,269 @@ struct EnforceModeSetupView: View {
         }
     }
 
+    private var trackingConstantsView: some View {
+        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 16) {
+            HStack {
+                Text("Tracking Sensitivity")
+                    .font(.headline)
+                Spacer()
+                Button(action: {
+                    eyeTrackingService.enableDebugLogging.toggle()
+                }) {
+                    Image(systemName: eyeTrackingService.enableDebugLogging ? "ant.circle.fill" : "ant.circle")
+                        .foregroundColor(eyeTrackingService.enableDebugLogging ? .orange : .secondary)
+                }
+                .buttonStyle(.plain)
+                .help("Toggle console debug logging")
+                
+                Button(showAdvancedSettings ? "Hide Settings" : "Show Settings") {
+                    withAnimation {
+                        showAdvancedSettings.toggle()
+                    }
+                }
+                .buttonStyle(.bordered)
+                .controlSize(.small)
+            }
+            
+            // Debug info always visible when tracking
+            VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
+                Text("Live Values:")
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .fontWeight(.semibold)
+                    .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                
+                if let leftRatio = eyeTrackingService.debugLeftPupilRatio,
+                   let rightRatio = eyeTrackingService.debugRightPupilRatio {
+                    HStack(spacing: 16) {
+                        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 2) {
+                            Text("Left Pupil: \(String(format: "%.3f", leftRatio))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    !trackingConstants.minPupilEnabled && !trackingConstants.maxPupilEnabled ? .secondary :
+                                    (leftRatio < trackingConstants.minPupilRatio || leftRatio > trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio) ? .orange : .green
+                                )
+                            Text("Right Pupil: \(String(format: "%.3f", rightRatio))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    !trackingConstants.minPupilEnabled && !trackingConstants.maxPupilEnabled ? .secondary :
+                                    (rightRatio < trackingConstants.minPupilRatio || rightRatio > trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio) ? .orange : .green
+                                )
+                        }
+                        
+                        Spacer()
+                        
+                        VStack(alignment: .trailing, spacing: 2) {
+                            Text("Range: \(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.minPupilRatio)) - \(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                            let bothEyesOut = (leftRatio < trackingConstants.minPupilRatio || leftRatio > trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio) && 
+                                             (rightRatio < trackingConstants.minPupilRatio || rightRatio > trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio)
+                            Text(bothEyesOut ? "Both Out ⚠️" : "In Range ✓")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(bothEyesOut ? .orange : .green)
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Text("Pupil data unavailable")
+                        .font(.caption2)
+                        .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                }
+                
+                if let yaw = eyeTrackingService.debugYaw,
+                   let pitch = eyeTrackingService.debugPitch {
+                    HStack(spacing: 16) {
+                        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 2) {
+                            Text("Yaw: \(String(format: "%.3f", yaw))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    !trackingConstants.yawEnabled ? .secondary :
+                                    abs(yaw) > trackingConstants.yawThreshold ? .orange : .green
+                                )
+                            Text("Pitch: \(String(format: "%.3f", pitch))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    !trackingConstants.pitchUpEnabled && !trackingConstants.pitchDownEnabled ? .secondary :
+                                    (pitch > trackingConstants.pitchUpThreshold || pitch < trackingConstants.pitchDownThreshold) ? .orange : .green
+                                )
+                        }
+                        
+                        Spacer()
+                        
+                        VStack(alignment: .trailing, spacing: 2) {
+                            Text("Yaw Max: \(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.yawThreshold))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                            Text("Pitch: \(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.pitchDownThreshold)) to \(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.pitchUpThreshold))")
+                                .font(.caption2)
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            .padding(.top, 4)
+
+            if showAdvancedSettings {
+                VStack(spacing: 16) {
+                    // Yaw Threshold
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Toggle("", isOn: $trackingConstants.yawEnabled)
+                                .labelsHidden()
+                            Text("Yaw Threshold (Head Turn)")
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    trackingConstants.yawEnabled ? .primary : .secondary)
+                            Spacer()
+                            Text(String(format: "%.2f rad", trackingConstants.yawThreshold))
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                                .font(.caption)
+                        }
+                        Slider(value: $trackingConstants.yawThreshold, in: 0.1...0.8, step: 0.05)
+                            .disabled(!trackingConstants.yawEnabled)
+                        Text("Lower = more sensitive to head turning")
+                            .font(.caption2)
+                            .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                    }
+
+                    Divider()
+
+                    // Pitch Up Threshold
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Toggle("", isOn: $trackingConstants.pitchUpEnabled)
+                                .labelsHidden()
+                            Text("Pitch Up Threshold (Looking Up)")
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    trackingConstants.pitchUpEnabled ? .primary : .secondary)
+                            Spacer()
+                            Text(String(format: "%.2f rad", trackingConstants.pitchUpThreshold))
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                                .font(.caption)
+                        }
+                        Slider(
+                            value: $trackingConstants.pitchUpThreshold, in: -0.2...0.5, step: 0.05
+                        )
+                        .disabled(!trackingConstants.pitchUpEnabled)
+                        Text("Lower = more sensitive to looking up")
+                            .font(.caption2)
+                            .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                    }
+
+                    Divider()
+
+                    // Pitch Down Threshold
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Toggle("", isOn: $trackingConstants.pitchDownEnabled)
+                                .labelsHidden()
+                            Text("Pitch Down Threshold (Looking Down)")
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    trackingConstants.pitchDownEnabled ? .primary : .secondary)
+                            Spacer()
+                            Text(String(format: "%.2f rad", trackingConstants.pitchDownThreshold))
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                                .font(.caption)
+                        }
+                        Slider(
+                            value: $trackingConstants.pitchDownThreshold, in: -0.8...0.0, step: 0.05
+                        )
+                        .disabled(!trackingConstants.pitchDownEnabled)
+                        Text("Higher = more sensitive to looking down")
+                            .font(.caption2)
+                            .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                    }
+
+                    Divider()
+
+                    // Min Pupil Ratio
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Toggle("", isOn: $trackingConstants.minPupilEnabled)
+                                .labelsHidden()
+                            Text("Min Pupil Ratio (Looking Right)")
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    trackingConstants.minPupilEnabled ? .primary : .secondary)
+                            Spacer()
+                            Text(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.minPupilRatio))
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                                .font(.caption)
+                        }
+                        Slider(value: $trackingConstants.minPupilRatio, in: 0.2...0.5, step: 0.01)
+                            .disabled(!trackingConstants.minPupilEnabled)
+                        Text("Higher = more sensitive to looking right")
+                            .font(.caption2)
+                            .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                    }
+
+                    Divider()
+
+                    // Max Pupil Ratio
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Toggle("", isOn: $trackingConstants.maxPupilEnabled)
+                                .labelsHidden()
+                            Text("Max Pupil Ratio (Looking Left)")
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    trackingConstants.maxPupilEnabled ? .primary : .secondary)
+                            Spacer()
+                            Text(String(format: "%.2f", trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio))
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                                .font(.caption)
+                        }
+                        Slider(value: $trackingConstants.maxPupilRatio, in: 0.5...0.8, step: 0.01)
+                            .disabled(!trackingConstants.maxPupilEnabled)
+                        Text("Lower = more sensitive to looking left")
+                            .font(.caption2)
+                            .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                    }
+
+                    Divider()
+
+                    // Eye Closed Threshold
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Toggle("", isOn: $trackingConstants.eyeClosedEnabled)
+                                .labelsHidden()
+                            Text("Eye Closed Threshold")
+                                .foregroundColor(
+                                    trackingConstants.eyeClosedEnabled ? .primary : .secondary)
+                            Spacer()
+                            Text(String(format: "%.3f", trackingConstants.eyeClosedThreshold))
+                                .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                                .font(.caption)
+                        }
+                        Slider(
+                            value: Binding(
+                                get: { Double(trackingConstants.eyeClosedThreshold) },
+                                set: { trackingConstants.eyeClosedThreshold = CGFloat($0) }
+                            ), in: 0.01...0.1, step: 0.005
+                        )
+                        .disabled(!trackingConstants.eyeClosedEnabled)
+                        Text("Lower = more sensitive to eye closure")
+                            .font(.caption2)
+                            .foregroundColor(.secondary)
+                    }
+
+                    // Reset button
+                    Button(action: {
+                        trackingConstants.resetToDefaults()
+                    }) {
+                        HStack {
+                            Image(systemName: "arrow.counterclockwise")
+                            Text("Reset to Defaults")
+                        }
+                        .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+                    }
+                    .buttonStyle(.bordered)
+                    .controlSize(.small)
+                    .padding(.top, 8)
+                }
+                .padding(.top, 8)
+            }
+        }
+        .padding()
+        .glassEffectIfAvailable(GlassStyle.regular, in: .rect(cornerRadius: 12))
+    }
+
     private var debugEyeTrackingView: some View {
         VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
             Text("Debug Eye Tracking Data")

GazeTests/Mocks/MockSettingsManager.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//
+//  MockSettingsManager.swift
+//  GazeTests
+//
+//  A mock implementation of SettingsProviding for isolated unit testing.
+//
+
+import Combine
+import Foundation
+@testable import Gaze
+
+/// A mock implementation of SettingsProviding that doesn't use UserDefaults.
+/// This allows tests to run in complete isolation without affecting
+/// the shared singleton or persisting data.
+@MainActor
+final class MockSettingsManager: ObservableObject, SettingsProviding {
+    @Published var settings: AppSettings
+    
+    var settingsPublisher: Published<AppSettings>.Publisher {
+        $settings
+    }
+    
+    private let timerConfigKeyPaths: [TimerType: WritableKeyPath<AppSettings, TimerConfiguration>] = [
+        .lookAway: \.lookAwayTimer,
+        .blink: \.blinkTimer,
+        .posture: \.postureTimer,
+    ]
+    
+    /// Track method calls for verification in tests
+    var saveCallCount = 0
+    var loadCallCount = 0
+    var resetToDefaultsCallCount = 0
+    
+    init(settings: AppSettings = .defaults) {
+        self.settings = settings
+    }
+    
+    func timerConfiguration(for type: TimerType) -> TimerConfiguration {
+        guard let keyPath = timerConfigKeyPaths[type] else {
+            preconditionFailure("Unknown timer type: \(type)")
+        }
+        return settings[keyPath: keyPath]
+    }
+    
+    func updateTimerConfiguration(for type: TimerType, configuration: TimerConfiguration) {
+        guard let keyPath = timerConfigKeyPaths[type] else {
+            preconditionFailure("Unknown timer type: \(type)")
+        }
+        settings[keyPath: keyPath] = configuration
+    }
+    
+    func allTimerConfigurations() -> [TimerType: TimerConfiguration] {
+        var configs: [TimerType: TimerConfiguration] = [:]
+        for (type, keyPath) in timerConfigKeyPaths {
+            configs[type] = settings[keyPath: keyPath]
+        }
+        return configs
+    }
+    
+    func save() {
+        saveCallCount += 1
+    }
+    
+    func saveImmediately() {
+        saveCallCount += 1
+    }
+    
+    func load() {
+        loadCallCount += 1
+    }
+    
+    func resetToDefaults() {
+        resetToDefaultsCallCount += 1
+        settings = .defaults
+    }
+}